Criminology Report- The August 2011 Public Disorder-an analysis of the Essay

Criminology Report- The August 2011 Public Disorder-an analysis of the data on those bright before the courts - Essay Example The data presented in the filing fails to command authenticity and as the bulletin reports, the use of it should be under the understanding of its potential flows and is only viewed as approximations. The most observable features of the data as presented is the rounded off figures which therefore confirms the approximate nature of the data. The data presented covers factual records on court hearing data, data on ethnicity as well as age and gender and data on case classifications on area among others. Moreover, the distribution of the court proceedings between the court systems across the country is in record within the data presented. Nevertheless, it would be pointed out that the data presented fails to authoritatively quantify the number of offenders involved in each act of offence as was committed during the time. It is however acknowledged that the data presented was collected/retrieved from the administrative records as official statistics. This implies that though with the pos sible shortcomings pointed out in the discussion, the data can be used for research purposes as secondary data by the virtue of being official statistics. The report shows that the public violence involved many people who had disparities in age, gender and motives (Dodd, 2011). The report notes that on the basis of age, the public disorder involved 27% juveniles (aged between 10 and 17 years), 26% were aged 18-18 years while only an approximate of 5% of the offenders were above 40 years by age. In comparison with the age distribution of offenders previously convicted in similar offences in 2010, great disparities were observed from the 2011 statistics, majorly being on the numbers of offenders. Amongst 3103 defendants who faced initial trials in London magistrate courts, 27% were juveniles while the remaining 73% were adults. It is however to be noted that this was only 72% of the total accused persons because others

Cyber Security Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cyber Security Industry - Research Paper Example is initiating its business that can provide the customers with a safer IT working environment. The thesis paper has enlightened the areas such as business overview, marketing, human resource, and financial information explicitly and comprehensively that one needs to consider for the start-up of a business. By looking at the market trends of the growing businesses, it has come to notice that cyber security industry is one of the sectors that are growing at an unprecedented rate due to the technological advancement (Gallaher, Link & Rowe, pp. 89-94). In this regard, the enterprise ABC Corporation Ltd. intends to initiate the business in the cyber security industry. The primary business unit of the company is located in the downtown area of Atlanta, Georgia. This is because it is one of the industrial hubs with proximity to customers. ABC Corporation is initiating its business operation from a local platform; however, the future strategy includes business growth and expansion over the entire market of United States in the industry of cyber security and on international market as well. The startup business would analyze the potential clients system, test it for vulnerabilities of a hacker, and provide solutions to resolving those vulnerabilities, and improving the overall security of the information. Primary products and services offered by ABC Corporation to its clients include cyber security assessments, vulnerability analysis, cyber security audits, cyber security training, secure broadband network communications, cyber intelligence systems, software and analytics to address cyberspace threats, and other capabilities that enable the customers to detect, evaluate and respond to cyber threats (Gallaher, Link & Rowe, pp. 89-94). Upon the start-up of the business in the sector of cyber security, ABC Corporation would require furniture and fixtures, office equipments such as computer systems with database server, network security that include computer

Pollution Levels In The River Nile

Pollution Levels In The River Nile River Nile is the most important rivers. It passes through many countries. It has historical, economic, agricultural important for these countries. In the last period, the River Nile pollution exposure to many pollutants. I will talk in this report about the importance of the River Nile and River, Nile pollution and damage to these pollutants. Finally I will mention the solutions. Nile River: The Nile is a major river in Africa .It the longest river in the world. The total length of the river is 6650 km (4132 miles). Nile Basin covers an area of 3.4 million km  ². Nile Basin countries are Uganda, Ethiopia , Sudan and DRC. Also Burundi , Tanzania , Rwanda , Kenya, Egypt and Eritrea. The Nile has two major tributaries, White and Blue Nile. The river flows through desert almost, from Sudan into Egypt. Egypt civilization has depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along Nile river .Most the historical and cultural sites of Egypt are found along the Nile river. The Nile ends in a large delta and it is go into the Mediterranean Sea. Important of Nile River: Nile Basin constitutes has unique diversified geographically, starting from the highlands in the south and at least freshly hit even up to the spacious plains in the far north. Therefore, the Nile River is the only river which flows from south to north due to the tendency of the earth. Nile is of great importance in the economies of the Nile Basin, in the field of agriculture : in all countries of the Nile Basin water farmers depends on nile water as resources to irrigate their crops. Among the most famous of these crops: cotton, wheat, sugarcane, dates, legumes, and citrus fruits. In fishing, many type of fish abundance in Nile water. fish are favorite dishes of many of the peoples in these countries. the Nile River has many aquaculture animals such as Nile crocodile, which presence in most of the path of the Nile. In the field of tourism in Egypt and Sudan are based upon a type of tourism, Nile Tourism , in both Egypt and Sudan, many ship carrying tourists and visitors to the country each of Qena, Luxor and Aswan, Egypt, and between two mountains, the third and fourth in the north of Sudan, between the Juba and Kochi. Causes of Nile pollution The River Nile is exposed to many types of pollutants from the waste characteristics and makes it invalid to use for drinking and irrigation, which is detrimental to humans and animals. Nile river pollution mean there is a change in physical properties, chemical properties or biological properties of water. *Biological waste: Biological waste mean is the present of organisms with visible or invisible eye that cause pollution in water such as: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, animal and there are phases of minutes (eggs, larvae stages). Some of these organisms are seen bye naked eye, such as some algae and aquatic plants, and others organism can not be seen by naked eye (only with a microscope), such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The degree of proliferation of these organisms depends on the nature and size of these organisms. *Organic pollution Organic pollution is a waste of plant and animal which contain chemically into seven groups of substances, namely: 1. Soluble substances in the water, including Algelokoseidat, sugars , amino acids , salts, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides and potassium salts. 2 soluble substances in the ether, including alcohol, include fats, oils and waxes. 3. Alselliozat. 4 .Alheimciliozat. 5. Alganinat. 6. proteins. 7. Minerals that do not dissolve in water including potassium magnesium. *Toxic metals pollution The number of chemical elements are manufactured that more than (1500) type. Many heavy metals are found in industrial .They have bad effects to humans and organisms .For example: Mercury: It is come from waste generated through electrolysis in the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas. It was found that the microbiologist turned inorganic mercury into methylmercury, which binds with the protein strain found in the body by a group (-SH), which exist, and this leads to focus on the food chain. Cadmium Cd It is one of the most dangerous pollutants of comparison .It inhibits the activity of enzymes containing a group replace zinc in some enzymes containing it. Lead pb It is an inhibitor of the functions of many enzymes Symptoms of lead poisoning: Colic, and anemia, headaches, convulsions, and renal colic. Arsenic: As It is enter in many industries, such as: the pesticide industry. Like the rest of the other heavy metals and their compounds, it has a detrimental effect and toxic on living organisms, when concentrations of it up to a certain extent. We see the harmful effect of heavy metals in drainage water, which led to the pollution of crops. *Residues, animal waste and garbage: It is peoples ignorance of the fact of the Nile River and that the source of water .They got rid of the bodies of dead farm animals , disposal of waste and garbage dead birds and infected by bird flu ,and throw them in the river. Long time ago, the Nile flood before the establishment of the High Dam, the constant motion of water and volatile help to out expulsion of contaminants. Effect of Nile Pollution: *Biological waste: Waste waters are carrying many of the microbes especially bacteria. These microbes cause water pollution. The contamination of the water leads to pollute fish, molluscs, crustaceans and others aquatic animals. The contaminated water may lead to poisoning or killing human. The most important disease-causing bacteria: The contaminated water may lead to poisoning or killing of human beings is the most important disease-causing bacteria: Salmonella: It is a type of bacteria causes typhoid . The most important parasites that pollute the water are Ascaris worms and schistosomes . One of the main viruses that found in water pollution is hepatitis virus, which leads to infection of larvae (yellow). *Organic pollution: $ Lead to a lack of Oxgen. That are effecting to organism that live in water. $ Increasing number of microbes significantly in the Availability of organic materials and that is lead to serious damage. $ Anaerobic conditions lead to the formation of toxic compounds affect the growth of Plants. $ Spread of weeds , nematodes, fungal bacterial diseases. *Toxic metals pollution Mercury: Toxicity of inorganic compounds of mercury lead to Nervous Disorder . Injury element mercury leads headache, chills and inflammation of the bladder, memory loss. Organic mercury compounds, especially methylmercury, it is more toxic because of the easy to go in porous membranes. It is concentrated in the blood and affects the mind and central system, the witness here, Minamatas disaster in Japan in 1952, which died in which more than (52) people. The reason for that was the people of this village ate fish in their food, which contained concentrations of mercury compound (CH3.HgS.CH3). Cadmium Cd, Lead pb They inhibit the activity of enzymes in the body of living organisms. Arsenic: As It has a detrimental effect and toxic on living organisms. *Residues, animal waste and garbage: The spread of diseases between humans and animals who depend on drinking water of the Nile. Solutions: Ø ¥ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¸Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ± ØلؠªÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ø ¥Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Øلؠ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚  ØللØØ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © 1 . Work necessary precautions to prevent the leakage of sewage to the waters of the Nile. 2. Emphasis on not throw factory waste in the river, whether liquid or solid in the river. 3. Prohibition and criminalization of dead animals in the River Nile. 4. Do not throw waste solids and plastic in the River Nile. 5. Spread health awareness among the farmer. 6 Spreading awareness among farmers to not wash tools and equipment for spraying pesticides in the waters of River Nile water (irrigation). 7. Take all measures towards the implementation of law to protect of waterways, especially rivers. 8. Built centers measurements fixed the waterways, to control pollution that occurs on them. 9. The need to do special place for the sewage and assembled away from the Nile. 10. Control the pollution which leads to acid rain, which polluted the Nile. 11. Prevent use of water (the Nile and other) to clean the animals and laundered. 12. Dont do wrong practices such as some people on the banks of the Nile, such as washing dishes and clothes. Conclusion Water is very important element we need to live and it is part of our lives. Nile River is impotent source for water. Many reasons cause water pollution. These will destroy the water we drink and will destroy our lives. To prevent Nile water pollution the government should provide strict penalties for people or factories who try to pollute the water. Recourses: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/pollution http://environ.chemeng.ntua.gr/ineco/Default.aspx?t=355 http://www.focusire.com/archives/203.html http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=87416

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Educational Educating teaching Ess

My philosophy of education Throughout our school years we are told to decide what we want to do with our lives. I have had a hard time deciding on the right career choice for myself. During my field placement I learned that I really want to make a difference in children’s lives. The enjoyment that one gets out of seeing the looks on their students faces is rewarding. I enjoyed working with the students and now I know that becoming a teacher is for me. The purpose of education is to teach children that learning is valuable and that the mind wants and needs to grow by learning. All children can learn if they put their mind to it. Not everyone learns the same way, but we are all capable of learning. I have a cousin who is down-syndrome, he is the same age as my brother and graduated the same year I did. He graduated 4 years after he was supposed to, but he did it. His graduating class gave him a standing ovation, they were proud that he made it through. For this reason I believe that everyone can learn. He is just like a young child but he went to school and learned all that he could. Education is very important in life. Learning develops your mind and makes every person unique. As a teacher I hope to teach my students about everyday life, teach them math in a way that keeps their interests, and teach them to respect others. I want my students to respect me and look up to me and in turn I will respect them. My classroom is going to be an energetic room with students enjoying themselves, not unhappy because they have to do more math work. I hope that when my students leave my classroom they will have learned everything that I taught them. I once had a Math teacher whom all of her students loved. Sh... ...better understand. Bringing everyday activities into the classroom will be a part of my curriculum. After finishing school I would like to stay in Beckley. If there is a need for a math teacher some where else then that is where my plans will take me. After teaching for a little while my plans are to go back to school and receive a masters’ degree. One day I would like to teach college students, it would be an excellent experience in life. Teachers make a big difference in their students’ lives. One teacher could change the outlook of a student forever. Being able to make a difference is rewarding. Education shapes the world today. In any field that a person may choose there is some type of education behind it. A mechanic goes to a technical school for training, and a lawyer goes to law school. Every career available needs some form of education.

Lost Time Is Never Found Again

It was Ben Franklin who said: â€Å"lost time is never found again. † Mr. Benjamin Franklin  also said: â€Å"Remember that time is money. † Each of us has exactly 24 hours per day. Neither more nor less minute. Those of us that maintain a full time job know very well that we trade our time weekly in exchange for money. Some of us earn more money for less time and of course the opposite is true. Nowadays there are two categories of people. People from the first group work hard in order to make enough for a living, to satisfy their basic needs.While the others consider money as a way to win more power and better social position, sometimes – even friends. They say â€Å"Money makes the world go round† and time represents only money for them. In my opinion, there cannot exist any statement that is undoubtedly true. And in this way, we are not able to say whether time is money or not. Some people will always believe that time is only money but nothing else; others will defend the opposite thesis.All of us should realize that the material world around us makes time money. I confess that all of us should be realists. No one can lead normal life without enough money. People constantly work in order to earn. And they need time. It is mainly money for them. Their credo is â€Å"Don’t lose time, make money! † Certainly, interests, requests, opinions of other people can and should be considered by you at definition of how you spend yours of time. But nevertheless, the final decision always for you.

Example of Six-Step Decision Plan

Rainier Joseph S. Viacrucis. MBA-1 Managerial Decision Making Using the six-step Decision-Making process: 1. Identifying the Problem and its details: a. A teenager is asking his/her parents to buy a high-end gadget that is the trend/must-have of his/her generation (ex. I-phone or I-pad) as a present for his/her birthday b. The teenager is given an allowance of 200 pesos per school day. c. The family is living on a budget, and is cutting its cost – the parents do not want to spend beyond the allowance of the teenager. d. There are possible part-time jobs available though there are no known detailed facts on them. TASK: Help the parents decide on the best solution to the situation/ what to do in the situation. 2. Developing Possible Alternatives: a. Buy Gadget – Buy the gadget immediately; since it is the birthday of their child; he/she will only be a child once in a lifetime, this will show that you really care about him/her. b. Reward System – Negotiation of a reward system for better grades or exam results. The exams results or better grades must be worth the reward. . Buy Gadget Substitute – Parents can by a substitute of the high-end gadget; which may look like the real thing or have the same functionality with the popular one but with a much lower price. d. Garage sale proceeds – The parent and teenager can agree to sell old items of the teenager via â€Å"Garage Sale† and the proceeds of the endeavor will be used to buy the gadget the teenager wants. e. Part-T ime Job – The teenager can opt to do a part-time job. It may take time to gather up the money needed to buy the gadget. f. Installment Payment of the Gadget – The parents can buy the gadget via â€Å"installment basis† and will cut-off the allowance for a significant amount which will be used to pay/help pay the monthly installment. g. Matching Savings (50/50 savings) – The parent will match the amount of savings per day of the teenager and will deposit the amount to the bank for safekeeping, while the teenager can have the passbook and have a joint signatory with his/her parent. h. Payment by Service – in-house part-time job of the teenager. . Don’t Buy The Gadget – Let the teenager understand that you are living on a budget, and he/she must do his/her part. Make him/her see that the gadget he/she wants to buy is unnecessary. 3. Evaluating the Possible Alternatives: a. Buy Gadget – â€Å"We’ll buy it! Happy birthday†¦ we love you! † i. Positive: The parents can make the teenager know that they care for him/her. ii. Negative: The gesture will just spoil the teenager; he/she will not know the value of money/the gadget bought. iii. Negative: The Family is on a budget; expenses should only be on very necessary items – the gadget is more of a luxury the family can’t afford in this day and age. b. Reward System – â€Å"Good Job! Here’s your Reward! † i. Positive: The teenager will give additional effort in his/her studies and other activities. ii. Positive: The teenager will value more the gadget, since he/she worked hard in studying or do well in other activities to get it. iii. Positive: The System will encourage good behavior and more productive activities. iv. Negative: What if there is no reward? The reward will be the motivation of the teenager and this will complicate relationships, especially when the parent can’t deliver the assumed reward. v. Negative: could foster an unhealthy reliance on adult opinion instead of forming their own because they are constantly looking for reaffirmation or approval via an adult mandated award system. c. Buy Gadget Substitute – â€Å"Here†¦ It has the same features, but it’s more practical†¦Ã¢â‚¬  i. Positive: If the Teenager can well understand the situation of the family-being on budget; he/she will appreciate that he/she was still bought a gadget of the similar functions. i. Positive: The teenager will know the value of money. iii. Positive: the teenager will learn to be content on simpler things. iv. Negative: since the teenager knows that the gadget is cheaper, he/she will not value/take care the gadget. v. Negative: the teenager may become disappointed that he/she is only given a substitute of the one he/she wants. d. Garage Sale Proceeds – â€Å"To buy what you want, you must sell what you don’t need. † i. Positive: The teenager will value the object, since he lost something he had in order to get it. i. Positive: The teenager’s skill in selling items will be exercised – he is practicing to be a new entrepreneur. iii. Positive: The teenager’s room will be more in order. iv. Negative: What if the teenager’s want is not moral/not good? – He/she will sell what he/she has just to get it. Even worse, he/she may sell all the items in your house. v. Negative: Sense of Sentimental value for things will not be recognized by the teenager. e. Part-time job – â€Å"If you really want it, you must work for it. † i. Positive: It gives the sense of independence to the teenager. ii. Positive: The teenager will learn the skills of Time Management. iii. Positive: The teenager will have his/her own source of income. iv. Positive: He/she will learn the value of money – he/she will learn that it is not easy to obtain/earn it. v. Negative: It will be hard for the teenager to focus on his/her studies. vi. Negative: he/she will be tempted to drop out of school, since he/she has already started to earn money. vii. Negative: He/she will be stressed in handling both schools and work. . Installment payment of Gadget – â€Å"You’ll pay for it over a period of time with part of your allowance. † i. Positive: You can put it in your budget. Instead of paying the full amount, you can pay for it over the period of time. ii. Positive: Some networks/Company offers bundles including their service (Post Paid plans of Networks) iii. Positive: The teenager will learn how to budget his finances . iv. Negative: The interest is high when you pay for an item in an installment basis. v. Negative: The teenager may learn of other ways to earn money (which may not be good) – to compensate for the cut in allowance. g. Matching savings – â€Å"I’ll match what you save, so we can buy it. † i. Positive: It gives a sense of partnership between the teenager and the parents. ii. Positive: It teaches the teenager the value of savings. iii. Negative: He/she will be more eager to save; he/she may sacrifice his/her basic needs just to buy the item. iv. Negative: He/she may not exert more effort to extra-curricular activities which could enhance his skills and knowledge. . Negative: Since the teenager is saving, He/she may not mingle more with friends who could hurt the development of his/her social skills. h. Payment by service – â€Å"I’ll buy it, but you’ll have to do this†¦. † i. Positive: The teenager will learn that you need to do something before you can have something. ii. Positive: The teenager will learn how to be patient. iii. Positive: Teenager will learn the basic household skills which are very important in the future. iv. Negative: The teenager will not do anything inside the house if not paid/rewarded of some kind. . Negative: There will be no sense of responsibility for the child – since he/she will do the household chores for a price. i. Don’t Buy The Gadget – â€Å"We don’t need it, we must buy only necessary things† i. Positive: If the teenager will understand that they are in a budget – he/she will learn the value of thriftiness and buying only the necessary things. ii. Positive: The Money will be used to buy more necessary items. iii. Negative: If the teenager will not understand – the teenager may be disappointed and could ruin their relationship 4. Recommendation of An alternative (or Make the Decision) My recommendation is more of a combination of different Alternatives stated above. First is having a conversation with the teenager, it is very necessary to make him understand the situation – the family is on a budget. Second, it is also essential that the teenager has a part in buying the gadget – he/she must have a contribution, preferably money he/she earned. Third, the deal must be designed in a way that establishes more trust between the parents and the teenager, as well as prepare for his/her future. My recommendation is the Matching Savings Alternative combined with Part-time alternative – this motivates the teenager, as well as teaches him to save and to budget his finances. Having the Matching savings alternative minimizes the pressure to the teenager in his work, while the Part-time alternative minimizes the pressure of saving and sacrificing the school day allowance. This combination establishes a partnership between them, as well as teaching the teenager the important mindset and skills he will need in the future. Also this kind of joint venture could work for any other project and/or for his future needs. . What is required for the Alternative (Implementation of the Decision) To implement the combination, you must help the teenager find a part-time job, one that does not conflict with his studies – weekends. You will also want to open an account with the bank; some banks have these kinds of accounts (ex. WISE account of RCBC)- Joint account, while giving the custody of the passbook to the teenager – as a sign of trust. 6. How to Monitor Solution/What are the possible effects of the Alternative (Monitor you solution): It is very important to monitor/tract the progress of the solution, especially for this combination. The monitoring control could either be the weekly or monthly deposit of the Matching savings alternative – check to see whether the money is already enough; this recurring activity could also serve as a bonding moment between the parents and the teenager which could deepen the relationship. It is also very essential that the parent will motivate the teenager from time to time especially with him/her having a part-time job – on the road to his/her independence.

Gastornis (Diatryma) - Facts and Figures

Gastornis (Diatryma) - Facts and Figures Name: Gastornis (Greek for Gastons bird); pronounced gas-TORE-niss; also known as Diatryma Habitat: Woodlands of Western Europe, North America, and eastern Asia Historical Epoch: Late Paleocene-Middle Eocene (55-45 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet tall and a few hundred pounds Diet: Unknown; probably herbivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Short, powerful legs and beak; squat trunk About Gastornis First things first: the flightless prehistoric bird we now know as Gastornis used to be called Diatryma (Greek for through a hole), the name by which it was recognized by generations of schoolchildren. After examining some fossil specimens unearthed in New Mexico, the famous American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope coined the name Diatryma in 1876, not knowing that a more obscure fossil hunter, Gaston Plante, had bestowed his own name on this genus a couple of decades earlier, in 1855, based on a set of bones discovered near Paris. With true scientific evenhandedness, the name of this bird gradually reverted back to Gastornis in the 1980s, generating almost as much confusion as the roughly contemporary switch from Brontosaurus to Apatosaurus. Naming conventions aside, at six feet tall and a few hundred pounds Gastornis was far from the biggest prehistoric bird that ever livedthat honor belongs to the half-ton Aepyornis, the Elephant Birdbut it may have been one of the most dangerous, with a tyrannosaur-like profile (powerful legs and head, puny arms) that demonstrates how evolution tends to fit the same body shapes into the same ecological niches. (Gastornis first popped up in the northern hemisphere about 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct, during the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs). Even worse, if Gastornis was capable of pack hunting, one imagines that it could depopulate an ecosystem of small animals in no time flat! Theres a major problem with this pack-hunting scenario, however: lately, the weight of the evidence is that Gastornis was a herbivore rather than a carnivore. Whereas early illustrations of this bird depicted it munching on Hyracotherium (the tiny prehistoric horse previously known as Eohippus), a chemical analysis of its bones points to a plant-eating diet, and its massive skull has been reinterpreted as ideal for crunching tough vegetation rather than flesh. Tellingly, Gastornis also lacked the hooked beak characteristic of later meat-eating birds, such as Phorusrhacos, aka the Terror Bird, and its short, stubby legs would have been little use chasing prey through the rough underbrush of its environment. Aside from its numerous fossils, Gastornis is one of the few prehistoric birds to be associated with what appear to be its own eggs: shell fragments recovered from western Europe have been reconstructed as oblong, rather than round or ovoid, eggs measuring nearly 10 inches long and four inches in diameter. The putative footprints of Gastornis have also been discovered in France and in Washington state, and a pair of what are believed to be Gastornis feathers have been recovered from the Green River fossil formation in the western U.S. As prehistoric birds go, Gastornis clearly had an unusually widespread distribution, a clear indication (no matter the details of its diet) that it was well-adapted to its place and time.

Imagine What essays

Imagine What essays John Lennon's "Imagine" is one of the most inspirational songs of all time. It always made people think about the words of his song. Some questions rise, such as how would the world be if there was no violence, religion, or countries bound by boundaries? The song came at a time when there was alot of protest. Lennon was always one to think of peace and harmony and the basics of life. When Lennon writes,"Imagine all the people living life in peace"(11- 12), he means that he wonders what the world would be like, if everyone were equal. There was no rich or poor, if there was no hunger,everyone just sharing what they had and no jealousy. Every country would have the same equalities and there would be no third world countries. That's what the song "Imagine" describes, an a utopian state. The message was communicated through music by an artist who was one of the greatest songwriters of all time. John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono, were twoof the biggest advocates of world peace. The song questions if we could imagine what it would be like to live like that. "Imagine," is a song that will always make you stop and wonder what it would be like "Imagine." John Lennon. 16 October 2000. ...

Healthcare Administration Degree Best Careers and Schools

Healthcare Administration Degree Best Careers and Schools SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you considering a job in healthcare administration? It’s a rapidly growing field that pays well and gives you the opportunity to help patients and make the medical process easier for them. However, you need to have the proper education to work in this field. What healthcare administration degree do you need to get the job you want? Once you have your health administration degree, what jobs can you get? How much money can you make? Is a bachelor’s degree in healthcare administration enough or do you need to get a master’s? And if you decide to get your degree online, what are the best programs available? This guide will answer all your questions! What Is a Healthcare Administration Degree? If you’re interested in healthcare but think you’d prefer the business side, you may want to look into getting a healthcare administration degree. People who work in healthcare administration handle the work that goes on mostly behind the scenes to ensure that people get the care they need as quickly and smoothly as possible. Their roles can include handling patient insurance forms in a nursing home, explaining the best way for a business to sell medical devices, managing workers in a hospital, and more. To work at many of these jobs, you’ll need a health administration degree. Healthcare administration can be a complicated and technical field, and since making a mistake with someone’s insurance or medical records can have potentially disastrous consequences, it’s critical that you’re properly trained. When you start a healthcare administration degree program, you’ll learn everything you need to know to succeed in these positions, from proper medical billing, to how insurance works, to managing other employees, and even classes in anatomy and health so you have a solid understanding of healthcare. What Jobs Can You Get With a Healthcare Administration Degree? A healthcare administration degree qualifies you for healthcare jobs in many areas. You may work in a hospital, laboratory, government agency, or a private business. Some jobs focus a lot on billing and insurance while others emphasize management and organizing other employees or organizations. There are dozens of positions you are eligible for with a healthcare administration degree, and below we give descriptions of five of the most common. Salary data is from PayScale. Medical Office Manager People in this position typically work at doctor offices, where they are in charge of making sure the entire office runs smoothly. This may include supervising staff, making sure all paperwork is filed correctly, handling issues with insurance that arise, and making sure appointments are managed in an organized way. Average annual salary: $48,252 Healthcare Consultant Healthcare consultants provide advice to businesses that want to learn more about healthcare, potentially because they work with healthcare specialists or sell healthcare products. The healthcare consultant will conduct research and analyze data to help the business determine the best ways it can meet its goals. Average annual salary: $76,661 Community Support Manager If you get a job as a community support manager, you’ll be responsible for helping develop and implement programs to improve the health of both individuals and communities. You’ll likely collaborate often with other healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, dietitians, and social workers, to develop plans that improve all aspects of health for the person or group you’re focusing on. Average annual salary: $46,452 Healthcare Human Resources Manager At this position, your duties will primarily consist of overseeing employee pay, benefits, trainings, and hirings. It’s similar to a general HR manager position, but you’ll have special training for doing these duties in the healthcare field. Average annual salary: $65,298 Insurance Specialist These employees contact insurance companies on behalf of patients and doctors, work with medical records, deal with coding and billing, and overall make sure insurance benefits and payments are being properly applied. Average annual salary: $59,994 Should You Get an Associates, Bachelors or Masters Degree in Healthcare Administration? There are three types of healthcare administration degrees: associate, bachelor, and master. Which degree should you get? That depends a lot on how quickly you want to begin working and the types of jobs you’re looking for. Most people will get a bachelor’s degree in healthcare administration, since that qualifies you for most jobs in this field, but read on to learn how long each degree takes to get and which jobs it’ll qualify you for. Associate Degree in Healthcare Administration 60 credits Usually takes two years to complete An associate degree in healthcare administration qualifies you for some entry-level admin jobs at hospitals, nursing homes, or other medical practices, however; other entry-level jobs, especially those at hospitals, will require a bachelor’s degree. You’ll take classes in medical terminology, business administration, medical ethics, and healthcare management, among other topics. Bachelor Degree in Healthcare Administration 120 credits Usually takes about four years to complete A bachelor degree in healthcare administration opens up far more job opportunities than you’d get with an associate degree alone. During your four years of study, you’ll study healthcare administration in-depth and learn the ins-and-outs of record keeping, medical law, HR management, medical accounting, anatomy, and other subjects. You may also choose to specialize in a certain area, such as emergency health, home care health, or others. With a bachelor health administration degree, you’ll be qualified for all entry-level healthcare administration jobs, and if you can enough experience, you can eventually move on to more advanced positions, such as departmental leadership jobs. Master’s Degree in Healthcare Administration 32-60 credits Usually takes about two years to complete Most healthcare administration jobs don’t require anything higher than a bachelor degree, but if you are hoping to obtain a leadership position in a large practice, such as a hospital or another organization with executive management, having a master’s degree will help you achieve those goals. Graduate classesin healthcare administration will place more of an emphasis on business and administration leadership, as well as classes in strategic planning and more technical areas of healthcare. With a Master’s in healthcare administration, you’ll be qualified for nearly all leadership positions in healthcare administration (as long as you also have enough relevant experience). What Are the Best Healthcare Administration Degree Online Programs? Like other online degree programs, online degrees in healthcare administration have seen a huge increase in popularity in the past few years. Online degrees are often much easier to obtain for people who wouldn’t have the time, money, or ability to attend on-campus classes. However, some online degree programs are little more than diploma mills, so if you decide to get your healthcare administration degree online, you need to make sure it’s from a legitimate school, otherwise you’ll have an extremely difficult time finding a job. You should only enroll in a school that is accredited. This information is typically found on the school’s website, but if you can’t find it, a simple Google search of â€Å"[school name] accreditation† should give you your answer. Also read reviews of other students who have gotten their healthcare administration degree online from the school to learn what they think about it and if they’d recommend the program to others. To make your search a little easier, here is a list of three of the best online bachelors of healthcare administration degree programs. You can feel confident you’re getting a good education at any of these schools, but they definitely aren’t the only good options available, so make sure you do some research before deciding on a school. Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Degree offered: Bachelor of Science in Healthcare Administration Tuition cost: $350 per credit hour What makes it stand out: CSU is one of the most affordable online healthcare administration degree programs, and there are no additional out-of-state tuition fees. Additionally, CSU has a very flexible course schedule. Every class is offered every semester, and there are accelerated courses offered throughout the year if you want to finish a certain class more quickly. University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Degrees offered: Bachelor of Science in Health Services Administration, Bachelor of Science in Health Informatics and Information Management Tuition cost: $212.28 per credit hour (in-state) or $748.89 per credit hour (out-of-state, and before tuition reductions) What makes it stand out: UCF has a rigorous curriculum, including multiple specialization opportunities and a capstone experience in healthcare administration, to ensure you’re prepared for whatever job you get after graduation. It also gives out-of-state online students a discount so their tuition so their cost of attending is more affordable. University of Memphis Memphis, Tennessee Degree offered: Bachelor of Science in Health Studies (with a concentration in Healthcare Leadership) Tuition cost: $320 per credit hour (in-state) or $594 per credit hour (out-of-state) What makes it stand out: All healthcare administration students at the University of Memphis are required to complete an internship in healthcare leadership. This ensures they have real world experience before they graduate and will give them a leg up when applying to jobs. Summary: Health Administration Degree If you want to work in healthcare administration, you’ll need to have the proper degree. A healthcare administration degree can qualify you for many positions, ranging from jobs in nursing homes to hospitals to big businesses. A bachelor’s degree in healthcare administration is enough to qualify you for most jobs, but a Master’s degree in healthcare administration is needed for some leadership positions. There are online degree programs if you want to work in healthcare administration but, same as for all schools, make sure the school you decide to attend has a good reputation and will prepare you for the career you want. What's Next? Are there other science topics you want to review? Then you're in luck!Our guides will teach you loads of useful topics, includinghow to convert Celsius to Fahrenheitandwhat the density of water is. What are the most important science classes to take in high school?Check out our guide to learn all the high school classes you should be taking. Thinking about becoming a nurse practitioner?Read our guide on everything you need to know about the steps to becoming a nurse practitioner. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Christine Sarikas About the Author Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. 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Effect of the Berlin Airlift on the future of the U.S. Air Force Term Paper

Effect of the Berlin Airlift on the future of the U.S. Air Force - Term Paper Example Berlin, being the capital city of Germany, it was located in Soviet Zones therefore they handed over a great deal of the administrative responsibility for running Bizonia to the Germans-in particular to an designated economic council of fifty-two Germans who, under Allied regulation, shouldered the task of economic rebuilding. On July 1 Britain and America freely devoted themselves to the support of the West Berliners. Six months earlier, the Soviets had placed a blockage around the West Berlin that no supplies could come into the city by road, water or even rail. Therefore the U.S Airlift and British planes made round the clock flights into the city, carrying medical supplies, food and other goods. This combined Air-Lift task force was an Anglo-American act. The Berlin Airlift: Breaking the Soviet Blockade By Michael Burgan Capstone, Jan 1, 2008 At some point, Biliners saw their city rise, and for this reason, they gained confidence to the officers running the airlift. The winter ea sed somewhat and improved technology was making it easier to direct the planes. They had guiding principles in order to conduct airlift and it was observed by all the aircrews and airfields. Berlin Airlifts had some certain precautions. The first rule was that the aircraft would fly at three minutes interval whilst the next rule was that the plane may perhaps not land in Berlin at its first try. In Berlin Airlift, pilots would fly under the similar set of rules at all moment in time. To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949 Roger G. Miller, R Miller, Pro Texas A&M University Press, 2008 Contrary to these, U.S Airforce is a military service that provided air support to the United Nation troops as well as protecting people in other parts of the world by preventing the fight between countries using pilots who were deployed to patrol in the sky. By early 1947, the Air Force became an self-regulating service, tension between the United States Air force and the Berlin airlift led to the change in foreign policy. It was declared that the United States must aid any nations struggling to prevent a Communist takeover. This policy was known as the Truman Doctrine which justified the use of the forces to prevent the spread of Communism. The U.S Air force supported the countries which are trying to recover from the war by providing supportive troops. The U.S. Air Force By Sandra Donovan Lerner Publications, Sep 1, 2004 Effects of Berlin Airlift on the future of the U.S Air force However, the study of crisis is approximately as old as the study of international relations because it has never been systematic. The majority of the commercial aircraft in Berlin, however, flew nonscheduled routes between to the United States. There are several effects that Berlin caused on the U.S Air force that caused debate in the United States economic status therefore coming up with a National Security Act which was established by the security of defense on the air force. To start with, Berlin Airlifts began to detain U.S troop trains bound for their respective trains. This became a threat to the country which led to the call upon the independent U.S Air Force so that it can organize a massive emergency airlift to keep Berlin Airlift away. Berlin Airlift also made the United States Air force officially lifted the blockade that made the Berlin Airlift with a rationale of scarce supplies because troops were no longer sent to Berlin. Blockade of Berlin was one of the most serious immediate problem. As far as the appropriate method for holding Berlin was concerned, airlift was the right choice for the U.S Air force to deploy. The U.S. Air force sent its military forces to Berlin several times thus

Application for a doctorate program in special education Personal Statement

Application for a doctorate program in special education - Personal Statement Example One thing that brings great contentment in somebody’s life is getting the opportunity to pursue one’s path that later enables him/her to see his or her aspirations become a reality. More specifically, attaining one’s academic objectives and ultimately being able to utilize the gained knowledge towards positive contribution in one’s area of specialty is great success. This is a key driving force in persons’ lives, including mine. I am requesting for a chance to participate in a doctorate program in Special Education, not because I have a yearning for a master program graduate title, but because I have a passion of delving into this field thus accomplishing my career objectives – to teach, become an administrator in the educational field and eventually teach special education practitioners at the university level. I also aspire to guarantee high performance in my area of specialization to the best of my interest and that of the public by employ ing my skills directed by integrity and accountability for progressive competence. My educational background has greatly given me exposure to invaluable essential knowledge, which will give me great backing once I enroll for this program. I possess a Masters of Arts in Special Education w/ a concentration in Autism with an overall GPA of 3.52, which is perchance the most powerful facet of my application.

Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Trends - Essay Example A vivid example of this is that many book lovers now choose to buy books online rather than purchasing them in bookstores. This development has led to the demise of bookstore chains like Borders, the second largest book retailer and a boost to digital retailer Amazon. (Osnos, 2011). Education will also have to reinvent itself. Traditional classroom lectures will eventually find itself being replaced by virtual learning environments. Teachers will rely more and more on available software that will enhance the learning process and increase the motivations of children to learn new things. One business where one will see a tremendous boom is the outsourcing market. Numerous companies are beginning to realize that outsourcing decreases costs significantly without necessarily reducing efficiency and productivity. In the music industry, one can envision a decline in the business of record labels. Feinberg believes that the trend now is simply to download music through the internet or what he terms as â€Å"digital sharing† (2009). Few people are buying original CDs of recording artists because downloading music through the web is free. It is also easier to share music nowadays using the latest technology such as Ipods and Iphones. Indeed, man’s needs are changing with the changing times. With these changes come new trends and with these new trends come new business opportunities. One may see the demise of some industries but one also expects that these industries will eventually be replaced by new industries which adapt to the advancing technologies of mankind. Feinberg, J. (2009, August 18). What will record labels look like in the future? Retrieved August 8, 2011, from pbs.org: http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2009/08/what-will-record-labels- look-like-in-the-future230.html Osnos, P. (2011, July 26). The end of Borders and the future of the printed word. Retrieved August 8, 2011, from

People, Place and Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

People, Place and Environment - Essay Example Heavy Industrialization, increased, automobile use, increased usages of fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides in agricultural lands, dumping of toxic substances like e-wastages, deforestation etc are polluting, our environment in many ways. In fact people contribute heavily to the global warming and climate changes problems. If we continue to pollute our environment and places in the same rate as we do now, all life forms in this world could be destroyed in near future itself. This paper analyses the connection between people, place and the environment and the ways in which people are destroying the environment. â€Å"The issue of global climate change and what to do about it has put economics to a severe test in which economists have been challenged to think afresh about how to model such fundamental notions as risk, uncertainty, and discounting†(Weitzman, p.703). It is difficult for us to avoid the growth of agriculture or industries in order to preserve the environment. At the same time it is possible for us to reduce the environmental problems caused by our own injudicious activities. For example, plastic is one of the major villains which cause huge problems to the environment. It should be noted that unlike many of the other materials, plastic may not be destroyable after use. In other words, plastic has the ability to survive the natural biodegradation process. Thus accumulation of plastic may takes place in the environment because of its ability to survive for longer periods. People have the habit of using plastic carry bags while they purchase something from shopping malls.

Argument Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument Research - Essay Example Researchers have noted that couples in arranged marriages have fewer chances of getting divorced, and with the recent spike in divorce, these arranged marriages could be the solution to preventing divorce. In arranged marriages, couples readily get blessings of the parents and social acceptance from the community, which is essential for support when they have issues. It is normal for a couple in marriage to have issues and challenges, but if these issues are left unresolved, then chances of divorce become high. In arranged marriages, the couple has the support of both parents and the community, and thus, during conflicts, they can seek the support of these people to solve their issues (Beverly 16). Moreover, the parents or aunties are better experienced in marital issues, and thus, they are better equipped in helping the couple to handle marital challenges that they may come across from time to time. In love based marriages, since couples met on their own they tend to solve their problems on their own, and when they fail, they stop communicating, which is the first step towards divorce. A successful marriage is all about understanding and communication, and this is the foundation of a rranged marriages. Although people in arranged marriage marry without being in love first, sociologists have noted that, in countries where people practice arranged marriage the rate of divorce is not as high as in countries where the people chose their own partners and marry (Liu 49). For example, among the Indian community, they highly practice arranged marriage, and as a result, divorce is very rare. This arises for several reasons both negative and positive. First, couples in arranged marriages are bound by religious and cultural obligations, which make it hard to divorce. In some cases, even if the marriage does not work out, staying married is a better

Proposal - Reclassifying Department of Child Services Investigators as Term Paper

Proposal - Reclassifying Department of Child Services Investigators as First Responders - Term Paper Example es where family preservation is not in the immediate best interest of the children and quick intervention must be taken to insure the safety and welfare of the children("Indiana department of," 2014).   In Indiana, the Department of Child Services has a separate office in each of Indiana’s 92 counties. Each Department of Child Services office in every county works with that county’s court system and law enforcement personnel.   For the Investigators, those that respond to the initial report of abuse and neglect, they are often called upon to act quickly and make important decisions on a moments notice; therefore, it is crucial that Department of Child Services Investigators complete the necessary training to be considered qualified first responders ("Child protective services," 2014). The head of the program would be the state director. The state director shall oversee the overall progress of the whole program, make informed decisions on matters raising concern and evaluate the effectiveness and importance of the program. He/she is the core personnel in this program. Immediately below the state director is the regional director. They are several in number and are spread over different regions of the country. They are responsible for the regions assigned to them and report any matters to the state director. County directors fall third in the organization’s hierarchy. Each one of them is assigned several counties to overlook and report to the relevant regional director. They mainly supervise the trained first responders of the department. The first responders comes fourth in the organization hierarchy. They could be a minimum of about ten in number when the program attains its maximum capacity over the years as time progresses. The first responders are the ones responsible for ground work of the program. They are to receive thorough training on how to be a first responder and execute the knowledge in the field in times of disaster. They form the most crucial

Argument Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument Research - Essay Example Researchers have noted that couples in arranged marriages have fewer chances of getting divorced, and with the recent spike in divorce, these arranged marriages could be the solution to preventing divorce. In arranged marriages, couples readily get blessings of the parents and social acceptance from the community, which is essential for support when they have issues. It is normal for a couple in marriage to have issues and challenges, but if these issues are left unresolved, then chances of divorce become high. In arranged marriages, the couple has the support of both parents and the community, and thus, during conflicts, they can seek the support of these people to solve their issues (Beverly 16). Moreover, the parents or aunties are better experienced in marital issues, and thus, they are better equipped in helping the couple to handle marital challenges that they may come across from time to time. In love based marriages, since couples met on their own they tend to solve their problems on their own, and when they fail, they stop communicating, which is the first step towards divorce. A successful marriage is all about understanding and communication, and this is the foundation of a rranged marriages. Although people in arranged marriage marry without being in love first, sociologists have noted that, in countries where people practice arranged marriage the rate of divorce is not as high as in countries where the people chose their own partners and marry (Liu 49). For example, among the Indian community, they highly practice arranged marriage, and as a result, divorce is very rare. This arises for several reasons both negative and positive. First, couples in arranged marriages are bound by religious and cultural obligations, which make it hard to divorce. In some cases, even if the marriage does not work out, staying married is a better

Hunger Games Survival Essay Example for Free

Hunger Games Survival Essay The game is designed to kill you. From the first moment when you are dropped into the merciless jungle, you are actively trying to be killed. Forgetting the band of other survivors that are effortlessly searching for you, there are many terrors you must be ready for. To prepare for these, you must have a good shelter, a way to find food and water, and a positive mental attitude. A shelter is arguably the most important of the 10 essentials in survival. Without a shelter, you could get soaking in rain or snow, and subsequently, die from the moisture. You will get bitterly cold during the night and die in your sleep. So Katness knew she needed a good shelter. One that would keep her warm and dry, as well as mobile. She built two kinds of shelter; one was high in a tree, both to protect her from the indigenous, and to keep her off of the moist ground. She knew that sitting directly on cold or snow covered ground will increase the rate of heat loss drastically. So even in the tree, she put her jacket below her and her towel above her protect her from the elements, both below her and above her. The second shelter she built was a makeshift debris hut. She found the base of a huge redwoody type of tree, which provided a stable back and added protection from snowfall and climate protection. She, one again, added a blanket to the floor as well as many ribs on her debris hut and foliage both for camouflage and climate protection. Finding food and water in this Amazonian jungle proved difficult. As two of the ten essentials, food and water are necessary in survival. Luckily, she brought enough nutrient rich power bars with her to surpass the amount of time she needed to. She was also aware to not over work, and keep a 60% rule when searching so her power bars would be sufficient. Finding water, was much more difficult. Water is scarce in many jungle environments, so she had to take little bits of snow in a bottle and let it melt over time and drink it. Eating straight snow will actually make you thirstier than without it, good thing she new that. Even with a stable shelter, a substantial food and water supply, and a sense of safety, she was still finding it difficult to keep a positive mental attitude, or PMA. Without a positive mental attitude, someone in a survival situation could lose hope of being found or surviving the night, and could just die. That is why she does simple activities to keep a PMA. She thinks about here friends and family back home, her boyfriend who is also stuck in this jungle, and other activities to keep her motivated and keep her striving to survive this unfortunate event. Due to her knowledge of the 10 essentials, knowing how to build a shelter, and the power to keep a positive mental attitude, Katness made it out of this treacherous situation. This may have been a movie, but this is a real world situation that anyone could have found themselves in. The opportunity to learn about the 10 essentials, or how to build an adequate debris hut, is an opportunity that you do not want to miss. These life-saving tips have not only helped Katness make it out of the Hunger Games, but it may also help you make it out of a life or death situation of your own.

An enquiry into the use of Assessment for Learning

An enquiry into the use of Assessment for Learning Since the Education Reform Act (1988), introduced national testing to monitor school standards of education assessment has continued to play a major part in the educational delivery in schools. Assessment encompasses all aspects of teaching that measure the level of teaching through students understanding and achievement. Assessment is not just end of year examinations but an on-going process that should be present in teaching at all times in order for lessons to be effective. Through several studies (Assessment Reform Group (ARG), 2002; Black et al, 2003; Clark, 2005) it has become evident that through careful planning of assessment it is possible to promote students learning and motivation, by using a more formative approach as opposed to high stakes testing of summative assessment. It is often noted that teachers ask questions to check students understanding of the lesson but take a simple acknowledgement as a valid indication that learning has occurred. Students are often not confident or willing to identify themselves as not understanding. It is therefore important for teachers to carefully plan strategies for assessment both formative and summative to identify what students have learnt to plan for future lessons (Capel, Leask Turner, 2009). It is important to consider different formative assessment methods and their suitability to the learning objectives or particular learning styles of students. Kyriacou (1998) suggested that supporting learning activities with assessment should be of a more subtle approach. This enquiry will focus on various methods of AfL that can be employed by a teacher in order to raise students attainment, motivation towards learning and engagement throughout lessons. AfL plays a key role in teaching and pupils learning, providing continual feedback to students on their level of attainment, where they are succeeding and where they need to improve, giving them information on how to progress further. Through AfL, we as teachers provide continual advice and feedback in the forms of positive reinforcement to constructive dialogue through questioning, to enable students to demonstrate a deeper understanding of the subject promoting cognitive development. This study will focus on the use of AfL within the chosen unit of work as the Office for Standards and education (Ofsted) (2005, 2008a) identified, AfL as the weakest part of teaching and learning, in particular a weak area for student physical education teachers (Ofsted, 2003). It is of key Importance as a student teac her to understand the application of AfL, as several studies have identified that the use of assessment is key in developing future learning opportunities having an impact not just on their attainment but also their attitude to learning, their engagement with the school subjects and their motivation to do well (Black and William, 2001; Black et al., 2003). This enquiry will focus on the delivery of a year 7 boys dance scheme of work delivered over six lessons. When planning the unit of work several factors including knowledge of the learners ability, my knowledge of the subject, curriculum knowledge and pedagogical knowledge were all identified as aspects of a teachers personal subject construct. It is important as a teacher to not allow your personal constructs and views of a subject to exclude pupils with different views, (Banks et al., 1999 cited in Capel, Leask Turner 2009). A framework was provided by the school indicating the learning objectives for each lesson and progression over the unit of work. Through discussion with members of staff with previous experience of delivering the unit of work it helped to increase my subject knowledge and ideas for possible learning activities to incorporate into my lessons. The study school had a well-structured pupil assessment strategy modelled from the national curriculum level descriptors (appendix 1), which was key in designing learning objectives and provided a clear indication of what the students should be working towards. With this information and a brief overview of the classes ability it was possible to start designing the learning objectives for the unit of work. It was important to ensure that my learning objectives were varied across the key processes of physical education to ensure students could demonstrate and develop a variety of skills not merely there physical ability as Ofsted (2002 cited in Cap el) raised concern over the weakness in pupils skills of observation and evaluation due to limited opportunity to develop these skills.. The study school had a big focus on incorporating learning objectives into normal lessons based on Personal Learning and Thinking Skills (PLTS) to develop these skills as well as a focus on PLTS in year 7. They clearly understand the importance of raising students abilities as team workers, independent enquirers, reflective learners, independent enquirers, creative thinkers, self-managers and effective participants in order for students to access the curriculum and progress with greater success as laid out by the PLTS National Curriculum Framework (QCDA 2011). When planning to integrate AfL into lessons it is key to acknowledge the ten research based principles of AfL identified by the ARG (2002) into classroom based practice (Appendix 2). As suggested by Black et al (2003) the implementation of specific assessment strategies can increase students learning, increase motivation and enthusiasm towards a subject. Spackman (2002 cited in Capel and Whitehead 2010) identified four characteristics of AfL in relation to physical education as shared learning objectives, questioning, feedback and pupil peer and self-assessment. The sequence of lessons were planned to incorporate an aspect of all four assessment strategies to ensure all students were provided with an opportunity to gain a further understanding of their learning and to provide a wider spectrum of tools to identify students level of ability. Each lesson was structured in three phases, the initial being the identification of a new skill or recall of previously learnt skills providing o pportunity for sharing learning objectives and questioning, the second phase would be a performance where students would practice ad rehearse the newly learnt skill under the teachers guidance which provided opportunity for feedback, questioning and self/ peer assessment and finally the third phase of appreciation where students would focus on peer assessment providing feedback to each other. The lessons focused on the key processes identified in the Key stage 3 National Curriculum for Physical Education. Throughout the delivery of lessons it was not always possible to follow the unit of work as students had not always made sufficient progress to move onto the next learning phase. Therefore lessons were modified based on the previous learning that had occurred to continue the progression smoothly and to ensure learning objectives were not too demanding for the learners. The importance of AfL in forming objectives for learning was emphasised in a report by Ofsted where the chief inspector wrote: Accurate assessment is used to identify focused objectives for learning and is a basis for choosing suitably challenging tasks and resources (Ofsted, 2007). Through the delivery and observation of the first lesson it was clearly identified that effective questioning was used to recap on learning from previous lessons, to ensure student understanding of learning tasks, and to assess students understanding and accomplishment of learning objectives. It is important to question a variety of students not always the ones with hands up as several studies have suggested adopting a no hands up policy in which all students are then required to formulate an answer as to the teacher will pick randomly and to ensure students understand that the an incorrect answer is part of learning and they should not be afraid to ask questions themselves to gain clarity. This also provided opportunity for students to discuss with their peers to formulate a possible answer which is beneficial for learning to occur (DfES, 2007). Other research identified that questions needed to be related back to the learning objectives, and to use more open ended questions as sugg ested by Clarke (2005). Although there was opportunity for peer assessment in the appreciation phase of the lesson this needed to be refined with the use of assessment criteria as identified by Latham (1992 cited in Mawer 1999, pp 242) who noted that in order for peer assessment to work pupils need help in focusing on the specific areas of a skill or process to be assessed. This was later supported by Loose Abrahams (1993 cited in Mawer 1999, pp 242) who identified that pupils need clear instruction on what to focus on when assessing as shown in the example assessment sheet, (Appendix 3). Over the course of the following lessons the use of questioning significantly improved combining the use of open ended and directed questioning to recall prior learnt information and assess the students level of understanding as suggested by Clarke (2005). Learning Objectives were shared with students and discussed at the beginning of the lesson, however the use of questioning could be improved to re-iterate the learning objectives throughout the lesson. Several strategies were used to promote self/peer assessment. One involved students completing a self-assessment sheet (Appendix 4) to identify what they had learnt in prior lessons and also to evaluate what they learnt by the end of the lesson, using a traffic light system for each question as an alternative questioning method to allow greater classroom involvement (Clarke, 2005). Although the content of this assessment has the potential to be a valuable tool it needed to be pitched at a more suitable level to work. Due to the stude nts lack of understanding as to why they were doing it, their ability level and learning style the teaching strategy did not match the leaners personality or information processing level as suggested by Harvey, Hunt and Schroders (1961 cited in Mawer 1999, pp 143) Conceptual systems theory. Based on this research it was noted that maybe due to their low conceptual complexity in terms of information processing they required a simplified system supported by a more structured approach from the teacher as they had not yet developed the capability to generate ideas in a low structured environment (Joyce and Weil, 1986 cited in Mawer 1999, pp 144). This is supported by further research that identified that formative assessment can only work if students are trained in the skills of self-assessment and questioning so they understand why they are doing it and what they need to do to achieve (Black William 2001). As the National Curriculum key stage 3 (assessment pack) states it is at KS3 wh ere students start to take initiative and make decisions for themselves and PLTS are introduced, therefore a careful balance between more structured direct and non-direct teaching styles is needed until these skills are embedded. The use of the traffic light system also provide the teacher with the opportunity to level the class and split the students into groups of differing ability and work on differentiated tasks (Appendix 5). Students were provided with opportunity to assess and provide feedback with the use of video cameras to record and analyse their performance. It was important to provide instruction on what the students should be looking for with reference to the learning objectives when peer assessing as suggested by Loose Abrahams (1993 cited in Mawer 1999, pp. ). The study later identified through observations that when lesson objectives were shared with the class it was important to consider students learning styles, when providing information and guidance on what they might be looking to observe and demonstrate in order for students to achieve the desired learning outcomes. The teacher adopted the Visual, Auditory or Kinaesthetic (VAK) construct (Dryden Vos, 2001 cited in Capel, Leask and Turner, 2009 , pp.262), to implement when planning and delivering (Appendix 5). Throughout lessons various stimuli were used including visual aids by displaying learning objectives, posters and using video footage (Appendix 5). The teacher incorporated practical demonstrations to explain what they were looking for as opposed to the earlier descriptively heavy verbal instructions, providing students with more time to actually rehearse and practise the new skills and more time working collaboratively in groups. Through observation it was evident that the use of video footage and practical demonstration had a large impact on the students understanding when used to identify learning goals (appendix 5). As research suggests it is of particular help when learning outcomes are shared in a format that the pupils can understand (ARG, 2002; Black et al; 2003; Clarke, 2005). The use of video recording and ICT was also used to provide students with the chance to watch their own performances allowing opportunity for peer self-assessment. It is important for students to be able to assess themselves and others in order to have a clear picture of how to move forward and achieve (Black Williams 2001). For effective learning to take place teachers must carefully plan structured opportunities for students to develop the skills needed to comprehend a task, analyse feedback, self-assess their performance and be creative in solving problems through the use of AfL. As often as possible learning opportunities should be delivered with consideration of the students learning style for the greatest level of understanding to occur. The implementation of visual aids especially the use of ICT had a big impact on the students comprehension of tasks and motivation towards learning new skills, developing their ability to analyse a performance and provide structured feedback to their peers. It is clear that Spackmans (2002) four characteristics of AfL provide a basis for planning and implementing AfL strategies but further planning needs to go into how each characteristic is delivered within a lesson to cater for various academic abilities and learning styles. By including an aspect of all the char ateristics in a lesson you are able to motivate, enthuse and help drive students forward. The key to successful teaching comes from the use of AfL on a daily basis to ensure students know what they are trying to learn by sharing learning objectives, helping students recognise success by sharing learning outcomes, providing a success criteria and identify the reasoning as to why they are learning it (DfES, 2007). It is also important to consider that this must be communicated in a way that is understood by the student (ARG, 2002; Black et al; 2003; Clarke,2005). In future planning the use of questioning needs to be carefully evaluated and planned to provide opportunity for higher order thinking in line with Blooms Taxonomy. Learning Objectives, outcomes and feedback all need to be provided in a language and format that the learners can access, whether it be verbal through use of pictures or video analysis. It is of utmost importance to ensure students are developing the learning and thinking skills in lessons to allow them to access their education alongside the academic objectives of lessons. Word Count: 2448 Reference List Assessment Reform Group (ARG) (2002) Testing, motivation and learning [online] Cambridge: University of Cambridge Faculty of Education. Available from: http://www.assessment-reform-group.org/TML%20BOOKLET%20complete.pdf [Accessed 5th January 2011] Black, P., Harrison, C., Lee, C., Marshall, B. and Wiliam, D (2003) Assessment for Learning: Putting it into Practice, Maidenhead: Open University Press. Black, P., and Wiliam, D. (2001). Inside the Black Box, [online] London: Kings College. Available from: http://weaeducation.typepad.co.uk/files/blackbox-1.pdf Clarke, S., (2005) Formative Assessment in Action: Weaving the Elements Together. Lon don: Hodder and Stoughton. Department for Education Skills (DfES) (2007) Assessment for Learning 8 Schools Project Report. [online] London: DfES Available from: http://c97.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/c97/accounts/english/homepage/Assessment/documents/AfL/8%20schools.pdf Ofsted (2003) Quality and Standards in Secondary Initial Teacher Training (HMI 546) [online] London: GreenShires Print Group. Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Publications-and-research/Browse-all-by/Education/Teachers-and-teacher-training/Routes-into-teaching/Quality-and-standards-in-secondary-initial-teacher-training [Accessed February 2011] Ofsted (2005) The Secondary National Strategy: An Evaluation of the Fifth Year (HMI 2612) [online] Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Publications-and-research/Browse-all-by/Education/Providers/Secondary-schools/The-Secondary-National-Strategy [Accessed February 2011] Ofsted (2008) Evaluation of the Primary and Secondary National Strategies 2005-2007 (HMI 070033) [online] Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Publications-and-research/Browse-all-by/Documents-by-type/Thematic-reports/Evaluation-of-the-Primary-and-Secondary-National-Strategies Ofsted (2007) The Annual Report of Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Education, Childrens Services and Skills 2006/07, (HMI 20070035) [online] Available from: http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/Ofsted-home/Publications-and-research/Browse-all-by/Annual-Report/2006-07/The-Annual-Report-of-Her-Majesty-s-Chief-Inspector-2006-07 [Accessed February 2011] http://curriculum.qcda.gov.uk/key-stages-3-and-4/skills/personal-learning-and-thinking-skills/index.aspx).

Dickinsons Pictorials of Death Essay -- Literary Analysis

Dickinson’s Pictorials of Death Death is often thought of as a morbid or mysterious subject. Authors and poets spend their lives exploring the questions of what happens when a person dies and what lies beyond death. From the billowy heavens in the Bible to Dante’s many rings of Inferno, no one else has quite the same view as Emily Dickinson on this subject. Through her elliptical poems Dickinson paints various views of death that reveal her multifaceted outlook. She uses different methods to gain insight into the nature of death by processing through the physical aspects of death in â€Å"I hear a fly buzz—when I died†, personifying death in â€Å"Because I could not stop for death†, and reconciling death and immortality in â€Å"Behind me dips—Eternity†. All of these poems create a better understanding of Emily Dickinson’s views of death. During Dickinson’s life, death was something that happened quite often and was never far from her thought. Her house was beside the local cemetery, and, with the Civil War raging, the graveyard always seemed to have a fresh plot. This is where she spent almost her entire life. Emily was born on December 10, 1830 in the â€Å"sleepy village† of Amherst, Massachusetts that was dominated by â€Å"church and college† (Dickinson, Emily). Here she spent her childhood years playing with her brother Austin and sister Lavinia and would later spend her adult years gardening and writing in solitude (Dickinson, Emily). Her isolation gave the impression of being reclusive and antisocial. Emily Dickinson did, however, go off to school and graduated from Amherst Academy in 1947 before coming back to her childhood home and becoming â€Å"a more than ordinary observer of Amherst life† (Dickinson, Emily). Her voluntary seclusion was not b... ...y in the image of â€Å"the Setting Sun† (BOOK PG#). Works Cited Anderson, Charles R. "The Trap of Time in Emily Dickinson's Poetry." ELH 26.3 (1959): 402-24. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. Anderson, John Q. "Heaven Beguiles the Tired: Death in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson." Rev. of Book. The South Central Bulletin 27.1 (1967): 30-31. JSTOR. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. Chuan, Xiao -. "Death and Immortality: The Everlasting Themes." Canadian Social Science 5.5 (2009): 96-99. CSCanada. Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, 2 July 2009. Web. 27 Mar. 2011. â€Å"Dickinson, Emily (1830-1886).† Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 27. Mar. 2012. Spencer, Mark. "Dickinson's Becase I Could Not Stop for Death." The Explicator 65.2 (2007): 95-96. Taylor and Francis Online. Atypon Literatum, 7 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 Mar. 2012.

Superconductivity and Superconductors :: Physics Physical Essays

Superconductivity and Superconductors ABSTRACT Superconductivity allows current to pass through a material with no resistive losses at near absolute zero temperatures. It also exhibits the Meissner effect which causes the superconducting material to repel magnetic fields. The application of this technology has been extremely limited due to the prohibitive costs of using Helium to cool the material to the critical temperatures. Recently, however, new ceramic materials were discovered which exhibit superconductive properties at higher temperatures which can be reached using cheaper liquid Nitrogen cooling. Applications have immediately expanded and are expected to become amazing in the near future as scientists search for a room temperature superconductor. ORIGINS Superconductivity is the passing of electricity through conductors with no loss of power (Graham 17).

Children With Sickle Cell Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Transcranial Doppler scanning ( TCD ) is a critical technique which can place kids with reaping hook cell disease at high hazard for shot ( Deane et al. , 2007 ) .This non-invasive imagination technique uses an ultrasound investigation, that produces high frequence sound waves to mensurate intellectual blood flow. In this survey, cubic decimeter will be looking at the undermentioned everyday hematologic and biochemical research lab trials, hemoglobin, reticulocytes, white count, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine in 250 reaping hook cell disease ( SCD ) affected kids with in the age group of 3-16years who attend the Brent Sickle and Thalassaemia Clinic at Central Middlesex Hospital in May 2010 to May 2011. My purpose is to utilize the above listed research lab trials to place all kids who are at hazard of enduring from the complications of SCD like vaso-occlusive hurting crisis, acute chest syndrome, infections, stroke to multi organ failure. TCD is perf ormed one time a twelvemonth at one-year reappraisal assignments on all kids with reaping hook cell disease to find if they are at hazard of developing any SCD complications. During this survey any kid identified to hold unnatural hematologic and biochemical research lab trials listed supra will hold a TCD regardless of whenever it was done. If the TCD identifies that any kid with those unnatural hematologic and biochemical parametric quantities is at a high hazard of developing complications of SCD particularly stroke, so the current National Health Service ( NHS ) intervention program for kids with SCD must be changed to supply an even more robust intervention plan.The significance of this survey hence is to better hereafter pattern and attention for kids with SCD. This will intend that any SCD affected kid with those unnatural hematologic and biochemical parametric quantities will be referred for TCD regardless of whether they have had their annual scan in a pursuit to better the ir wellness and wellness attention direction. Prevention is better than remedy.2. IntroductionHemoglobinopathies are a broad group of diseases impacting the production and or the maps of hemoglobin. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . They are one of the most common familial upsets worldwide and can be really terrible, if non fatal. They are classed into two groups: Haemoglobin discrepancies which arise from an change in the hematohiston concatenation, for illustration, Sickle hemoglobin ( Hb S ) Thalassaemias which arise from reduced production of the normal hematohiston concatenation. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) SCD is one of the most common familial upsets impacting the hemoglobin molecule of ruddy blood cells ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . SCD is an autosomal recessionary disease, intending a individual needs two faulty cistrons to hold the disease ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . There are several reaping hooks cell diseases: homozygous reaping hook cell anemia or disease ( HbSS ) and heterozygote conditions including Hb SC and Hb S? thalassemia ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . HbSS is responsible for the most terrible complications seen in reaping hook cell disease ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . The prevalence of SCD is highest among people of African, Afro-Caribbean, Arab and Mediterranean lineage ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) It is widespread in the United States, impacting over 70,000 Afro- Americans and impacting about 12,500 people in the UK ( Howard et Al ; Kirkham et al. , 2007 ) . Sickle cell is progressively going common in the UK as a effect of migration ( Howard et al.,2007 ) . The life anticipation in SCD is between 42 and 53 old ages for work forces and 48 and 58 old ages for adult females. This low life anticipation is likely to increase as the wellness service have put in topographic point national showing programmes, instruction for parents and wellness professionals and better directions attention. Complications SCD is a multi-organ upset with a assortment of complications. The most common complications include, vaso-occlusive hurting crisis, acute chest syndrome, infections, shot, priapism, leg ulcers, cholecystitis, acute splenic or hepatic segregation to multi organ failure. ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) . Vaso-occlusine hurting crises is due to sickle cells blockading vass in the microcirculation taking to ischemic harm in the castanetss, the lung, the kidneys and in the tegument ( leg ulcers ) , ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) . Stroke is an of import complication as it is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in SCD kids. ( NHS Standard and Guidance, March 2009 ) . It has been reported as a taking cause of decease in both kids and grownups. Infarctive shot is seen chiefly in kids whereas hemorrhagic shot is normally seen in the 20-29 age groups, ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . The grounds for this age division are non good understood. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . By the age of 10, about 6 % of SCD kids are affected by ischemic shot ( .Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . It is caused by the progressive narrowing of the center, distal and anterior carotid arterias providing blood to the encephalon consequences in shot ( Deane et al, 2007 ) . However, grounds for this progressive narrowing are yet to be established ( Deane et al, 2007 ) , but recent surveies suggest an association between high degrees of plasma free hemoglobin ( PTH ) from hemolysis, quickly devouring azotic oxide ( NO ) , which may ensue in events suppressing blood flow. ( Nelson et al, 2006 ) . Even though it is a really serious complication in SCD kids, it can be preventable. ( Quinn et al 2004 ) , if these kids are identified. Transcranial Doppler scanning ( TCD ) has been shown to place patients at high hazard of shot ( Deane et al, 2007 ) . TCD is an ultrasound that measures blood flow speed in the intracerebral vass. ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . It is non invasive, reasonably expensive and a painless process that is good tolerated in kids. ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . This high hazard of shot brought approximately by The Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anaemia ( STOP ) survey. This survey was perfomed by a group of scientist in 1996. It showed that high blood speeds as measured by TCD in the in-between intellectual arteria ( MCA ) , the distal internal arteria ( dICA ) and the bifurcation were associated with an increased hazard of shot. . ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . These kids with high blood flow speeds were so on a regular basis transfused to cut down the hazard of shot [ new ref Adams RJ. , 1998 ] . The STOP survey has has proven important consequences on TCD as an valuable wellness technique in forestalling shot hazard in kids. ( Adams RJ. , 1998 ) given Furthermore, an experimental survey by Fullerton et Al, 2004 on SCD kids in California showed that there was a diminution in shot after the debut of TCD with contraceptive transfusion preventative steps were taken. . ( Rees et al, 2008 ) . Many surveies have shown the benefits of mensurating high blood speeds on TCD and subsequent transfusion to cut down hemoglobin S can cut down the hazard of shot. ( ) . Based on these surveies, National counsel from the NHS Sickle and Thalassaemia testing programmes recommended the usage of TCD scans all over the state. The guidelines proposed that by 2010, 99 % of reaping hook cell Centres in England should offer one-year TCD scans to kids with SCD from age 2 to 16 old ages. The scan consequences are classed into classs depending on the clip averaged maximum average speed ( TAMMV ) of the in-between intellectual arteria or the intracranial internal carotid arterias or the bifurcation of the two arterias, ( Standard and Guidance, March 2008 ) . TAMMV values & A ; lt ; 170 cm/s are normal, 170-199cm/s are conditional and & A ; gt ; 200cm/s are important forecasters of shot. ( Standard and Guidance, March 2008 ) . However, studies in the UK have shown that many kids do non hold entree to TCD scans ( Rees et al 2008 ) . Therefore it is imperative to place kids at high hazard for shot so that effectual preventative steps are taken. In this survey, based on cardinal hematologic and biochemical modus operandi trials we aim to happen research lab parametric quantities which can be used as showing tools for shot and be used in placing those kids most likely to hold an unnatural TCD scan. If these labaoratory paramaters can place SCD kids at increased hazard for shot it may take to recommendations for future pattern to include precedence for TCD scans to be given to these kids.TreatmentIn the UK, the National Health Service ( NHS ) has developed local guidelines for the intervention and direction of SCD, including: a combination of antibiotics, hurting slayers, fluids and ruddy cell transfusion when required. ( Kirkham F.J, 2007 ) . Hydroxyurea, an unwritten anticancer drug is besides used in some SC D patients to forestall painful crises ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) . Hydroxyurea works by increasing fetal hemoglobin F ( Hb F ) degrees which prevents the polymerization of the deoxygenated HbS in ruddy cells, therefore diminishing the frequence of painful crises ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Reports from Howard et al 2007 and Frenate et Al 2007 besides explain that Hydroxyurea improves ruddy cell hydration, diminishing the adhesion of reaping hook cells to the endothelium and act as a azotic oxide giver, doing this drug rather good to utilize. A multi-centre survey of hydroyurea ( MSH ) in 299 grownups with SCD showed important benefits of utilizing this drug as patients had less one-year painful crises ( Charache et al.,1995 ) . A follow-up survey nine old ages on showed that these patients had a better quality of life ( Steinberg et al. , 2003 ) . Despite its clinical benefits, many patients are disbelieving about it being a chemotherapeutic drug and are hence disquieted about the lo ng term side effects ( Frennete et al. , 2007 ) . Bone marrow organ transplant can bring around SCD. About 175 HLA matched sibling grafts have been reported with greater than 80 % disease free patients holding a quality life ( Howard et al. , 2007 ) , nevertheless, troubles lie in happening a blood-donor lucifer and there is a hazard of decease associated with this procedure due to high doses of chemotherapy and radiation ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) . A possible remedy for SCD is cistron therapy, where infixing a normal cistron will convey about production a normal hemoglobin or shift of the faulty cistron. This is presently being investigated in research surveies as there are frights over the safety of genomic interpolation ( Sadelain et al, 2006 ) . Present surveies have shown that prenatal and neonatal showing for hemoglobinopathies in England has led to early sensing of affected kids, therefore, cut downing the post-natal and childhood morbidity and mortality ( Old J M 2007 ) .3. HistoryHaemoglobin ( Hb ) is an Fe incorporating protein, which carries O from the lungs to the organic structure ‘s cells and tissues ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . After 3-6months of age Hb A is the dominant hemoglobin, with little measures of hemoglobins F and A2 ( Hofbrand et el, 2001 ) . Normal hemoglobins in grownup human blood are as follows: HbA: ?2 I?2 ( 96-98 % ) HbF: ?2?2 ( 0.5-0.8 % ) Hb A2: ?2?2 ( 1.5-3.2 % ) Sickle cell disease is caused by a permutation at place 6 of a individual amino acid in the DNA sequence of the ? hematohiston concatenation ( fig. 1 ) . The minor alteration of glutamic acid for valine, as illustrated in figure 1, consequences in an altered hemoglobin discrepancy known as the Sickle Hb ( Hb S ) ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) , which reduces the endurance of ruddy cells and causes irreversible sickling of ruddy cells at low O conditions ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Consequently SCD patients endure a assortment of symptoms runing from anemia, terrible bone hurting ( referred to as sickle crisis ) , stroke, acute thorax hurting, to multi organ harm ( Gladwin et al, 2008 ) .Amino acidproglugluNormal ?- concatenationBase composing CCT Joke Joke Base composing CCT GTG JokeSickle concatenationprovalgluFig 1. Showing a individual base alteration in the he DNA sequence, where A ( A ) is replaced by T ( T ) . This permutation consequences in an amino acid alteration from glutamic acid to valine in the 6th place. ( Adapted from Hoffbrand et Al, 2001 ) . Normal ruddy blood cells are flexible and round in form. Their flexibleness and form allows them to go freely through little blood vass, known as capillaries ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . ) . Hb S is indissoluble when exposed to low O environments and may organize polymers which may change the ruddy cell membrane from a biconcave form to a sickle form. In oxygenated environments, sickled molded cells can alter back to the biconcave form ; nevertheless frequent form alterations may do lasting harm doing some cells to stay sickled. ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) . Furthermore, these sickled cells circulate at a slower rate compared to normal ruddy cells and tend to go stuck, therefore barricading vass in the microcirculation and doing infarcts of assorted variety meats ( Hoffbrand et al, 2001 ) .DiscussionSurveies in the last two decennaries were more focused on direction of the return of cerebrovascular diseases ( CVA ) . Recently the focal point is now on forestalling the happening of a fir st CVA ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . Hemolytic anemia is associated to many complications of SCD ( Lezcano et al, 2006 ) . Assorted surveies have linked low Hb, and hemolytic markers such as Retics, LDH, AST and creatinine to cerebrovascicar diseases such as shot. ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . Incidence of ischemic shot is higher in SCD kids impacting about 6 % by the age of 10years ( Howard et al, 2007, Deane et Al, 2008 ) . It is associated with an occlusive vasculopathy impacting the distal, proximal and anterior arterias ( Bulas et al, 2000 ) . The narrowing of these vass may develop over months to old ages before symptoms of a Stroke may happen ( Adams et al. , 1997 ; Bulas et Al, 2000 ) . Designation of hazard factors for shot is of import because it offers the possibilities of forestalling it. Clinical surveies have identified some research lab trials as hazard factors for shot. ( Kirkham et al, 2007 ) , but none has strong anticipation when compared to TCD ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ) . Surveies by Adams et al 1998 and Lezacano et Al 2006 have shown that the disposal of regular blood transfusion therapy in kids with unnatural TCD measurings reduces both plasma hemoglobin and serum LDH degrees. LDH has long been associated as a marker of intravascular hemolysis by Neely et Al, 1969. Surveies by Ballas et Al, 1991 and Kato et Al, 2006 found serum LDH the dominant biomarker in intravascular hemolysis and besides strong correlativities of LDH with hemolytic markers such as hemoglobin, retics and AST in grownups with SCD. A recent survey by O'driscoll and co-workers done at King ‘s College Hospital in London in 2007 reported that high serum LDH in kids with SCD correlatives to abnormal TCD measurings. This determination suggests that LDH can be a important biomarker or a hazard factor for shot in kids with SCD. They besides reported important correlativities between LDH, Hb, Retics and AST. Furthermore, Rees et Al in 2008 found important correlativities between unnatural TCD consequences and Hb, Retics, AST and age. These happening were used to develop an index which can be used to place kids with SCD probably to hold unnatural TCD values. The survey by O'driscoll and co-workers is the first survey which demonstrates that a high serum LDH degree in SCD kids has strong correlativities with unnatural TCD measurings. Therefore in this survey we aim to utilize LDH as one of the research lab parametric quantities and farther validate the survey at Kings in the patient population at CMH. Extra showing factors for shot are hence needed. With this attack in head, Hb F, Hb S and WBC will besides be analysed in this survey. The importance of WBC arise from observations that high leucocytes is associated to terrible complications of SCD and from findings by Platt et al.,1994 that leucocytosis is a hazard factor in clinically open shot and in acute thorax syndrome ( Ohene-frempong et Al, 1998 ; Mark et al. , 2008 ) . High WBC is reported to correlate significantly with shot ( Frenette et al, 2007 ) , therefore a good parametric quantity to mensurate in this survey. Hb F is said to cut down the hemolysis, thereby cut downing the hazard of shot in kids ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . The genotypes, HBSS and HBSC kids will be assessed to see which group is more at hazard for shot. The current theories of complications of SCD particularly with respects to cerebrovascular disease are largely focussed on hemolysis and the bioavailability of NO. ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . Chronic hemolysis leads to the release of plasma Hb which sucks up NO. NO is a vasodilative, hence less NO in the microcirculation upsets the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation which consequence in endothelial disfunction ( Kato et al, 2007 ) . More surveies in understanding hemolysis and the function played by NO will assist in understanding SCD complications and cut down its badness in the hereafter. ( Kato et al. , 2007 ) . Several surveies has suggested that, there is a nexus between shot and hemolysis and that shot is associated with low hemoglobin and compensatory reticulocytes. ( Kato et al.,2007 ) . With that attack, we aim to mensurate the undermentioned research lab parametric quantities: Hb, Retic, AST, Creatinine and LDH and correlate them to abnormal TCD measurings.Future PROSPECTSRecommendations for future pattern to include precedence for TCD scan given to kids who have been identified with these research lab parametric quantities so that primary stroke can be avoided and preventative steps such as, transfusion or exchange transfusion is given. This will so better their attention.