Wyndham International Business Case Study Essay - 1796 Words

Wyndham International Business Case Study Challenges facing Wyndham International There are a number of challenges facing Wyndham International in 2001 as they move forward to capture market share of a distinct upscale segment of the business and leisure travelers. In 2001, Wyndham was not a well-known name in the industry. The company had been suffering financially and had sold considerable assets in an effort to promote the Wyndham brand. The challenge of building branch recognition in a market dominated by a few key players such as Marriott, Hilton and Hyatt compounded by the fact that the travel and tourism market was already suffering from the backlash of the September 11, 2001 tragedy make Wyndhams challenge somewhat†¦show more content†¦According to Porters Model, there are three strategies that can act as differentiators against competitors. They are cost leadership, differentiation and niche strategies (Turban, Leidner, McLean Wetherbe, p.44). Clearly, in the face of financial restructuring Wyndham can neither afford to price out of the ma rket nor afford to be the lowest cost provider. Establishing a differentiated experience or a niche strategy in the face of low brand recognition is a daunting task. Wyndhams differentiation strategy to build brand recognition and share of wallet in the upscale business and leisure travel market, hinges to substantial degree upon the success of a guest recognition program named Wyndham ByRequest. The design of the program is focused upon offering personalized service to the members. CRM capability and investment in technology is pivotal to successful delivery. Interestingly enough, ‘marketing research indicates that the primary elements driving selection decisions by business travelers were location and previous experience (Wyndham International: Fostering High Touch with High Tech, p. 8). Wyndham is obviously trying to capitalize upon the experience piece. While Wyndhams strategy plays well to this market research, one in three surveyed indicated that frequent-guest points and airline miles are important and this in itself presents a challenge to overcome.Show MoreRelatedWYNDHAM INTERNATIONAL: FOSTERING HIGH-TOUCH WITH HIGH-TECH1403 W ords   |  6 Pages WYNDHAM INTERNATIONAL: FOSTERING HIGH-TOUCH WITH HIGH-TECH Summary The Harvard Business Review case study on Wyndham International discusses the inception of the hotel company, its initial exponential growth followed by a rapid decline in 1999 due to various external and internal factors. The organization restructuring and changes in management introduced several guest loyalty programs, ByRequest in particular, to allow Wyndham International to reestablish its brand. This paper discussesRead MoreThe Internal Environment Analysis : Wyndham Worldwide1590 Words   |  7 PagesWyndham Case Study Executive Summary As a primary worldwide provider of travel-related services such as rentals, lodging, conference facilities, and timeshare exchange, Wyndham Worldwide has overcome inconsistent branding strategy, unstable mergers, and acquisitions, as well as the 2008 economic recession to retain its top position in the industry. An internal and external analysis of the company, opportunities, and threats faced by the firm, its competitive advantage, and a strategic focus revealRead MoreIt Strategy - Case Study8329 Words   |  34 Pagesalignment of IT to business strategy affect the organisation of the IT function? Author ID No Opponents Tutor Joy Agbamuche 731126 Sirintip Saitong Shahid Mahmood Ole liljefors Michael Le Duc Abstract Date Purpose 2008-06-04 The primary goal of this research is to describe the IT function and examine how its alignment to an organisations strategy affects the way it is organised. Method The chosen method was a purely theoretical examination with the use of the case study of Windham InternationalRead MoreResponsibilities Of The Federal Government1126 Words   |  5 Pagesmilitary and multiple law enforcement angencies to ensure that protection. In this digital age, cyberattacks are an ever increasing threat to national security. These attacks not only target government agencies but also private contractors that do business with the federal government as well. There can be no doubt that attacks involving military targets effect national security. It is harder to see how attacks against private industry can. However, protecting private sector businesses is becomingRead MoreCompetitive Analysis - Hotel2391 Words   |  10 Pagesdevelopment | * New hire orientation program * International hourly training * Gateways * Core management training * Hotel Based Programs amp; Offerings * Essential Skills for Supervisors and Managers * InMotion!   * Get On Board * Ashridge Virtual Learning Resource Centre * Facilitator Lead Programs amp; Offerings * Additional Marriott Management Training * Property Strategic Planning Implementation * Courtyard by Marriott International University * Training On-Property ProgramsRead MoreUsing Hotel Amenities as a Tool2226 Words   |  9 PagesUsing hotel’s amenities as a tool Iveta Per Florida International University Abstract This paper summarizes my research in area of lodging and hotel industry, focusing on importance, ordering and controlling amenities in hotels. I have gather information from hospitality industry journal articles, web sites and also directly from facilities to gain knowledge on importance of hotels amenities and guest perceived value of these amenities. This research also seeks to understand how the hotelsRead MoreHotel and Marketing Research4269 Words   |  18 PagesVideo Case 4.1 Subaru: â€Å"Mr. Survey† Monitors Customer Satisfaction 1. Marketing research can play an important role in helping Subaru understand the devotion of consumers to its brand. It can help them understand the motivations, perceptions, and preferences of consumers in their market. It can also provide them with a profile of their loyal customers. 2. Management Decision Problem: What can Subaru do to improve customer loyalty? 3. The marketing research problem is to determine customerRead MoreAnalysis of Capital Structure of Ihg5725 Words   |  23 Pages307473 307540 307576 308254 A dissertation in report form submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Financial Management II of the Higher Diploma in Events, Hotel and Tourism Management IMI International Hotel Management Institute, Switzerland October 2010 Abstract: This report is illustrated about the capital structure of Inter Continental Hotel Group Company. The IHG Company is a large hotel company with a spectacular number ofRead MorePorter s Five Forces : Case Study Essay2274 Words   |  10 Pages Business Environment 5.106 Porter’s five forces: Case study on Taj hotel Name: Mohammed Sakil Qurashi Student Id: 20151471 Contents Business Environment 1 5.106 1 Taj Groups of Hotels 3 Introduction 3 Outline of the report 3 COMPETITIONS 4 Theory of competition 4 Substitutes 6 Power of Buyers 7 Theory of power of Buyers 7 Power of sellers 8 Conclusion 9 Introduction The Indian hotels company limited (IHCL) and its subsidiaries also knownRead MoreIt Management Essay6676 Words   |  27 PagesChapter 1. The Information Systems Strategy Triangle Chapter Overview This chapter presents a very simple framework, the Information Systems Strategy Triangle, which links business strategy with organizational strategy and information strategy. The chapter describes this model, and builds on several other popular strategy models and organizational models. The goal of this chapter is to make sure every student has a basic understanding of both strategy and organizations (in many management

The Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe - 1156 Words

The short story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe is told from an unknown narrator that is mad. The unknown man reveals his motives from the start by addressing his issue to the reader. He tells the story based on upon his point of view to defend his position although he insists that he is not crazy, his actions speaks for itself. The usage of diction and tone throughout the story illustrates his madness and fear of the old man eye. Since the short story is being told from the heart, the man is acting upon his emotions instead of logic. His mental state is shown through his actions to justify his feelings towards the old man eye. For example at the beginning of the story he addresses his sanity by saying â€Å"TRUE! --nervous --very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses --not destroyed --not dulled them... He’s emphasizing his tone by being repetitive and stating that he is n ervous but not mad, since he is suffering from a disease. In reality, the unknown narrator isn’t suffering from any disease although it can be infer that he have a mental illness. Since he confessed saying â€Å"I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! yes, it was this! He had the eye of a vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees --very gradually --I madeShow MoreRelatedThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1161 Words   |  5 PagesOut of a vast quantity of these English historians, one stood out to me, his name is Edgar Allan Poe. Poe’s writing had its own unique gothic and horror style. The story, The Tell-Tale Heart is one of his very popular pieces of literature, it not only tells a story, but uses Poe’s unique style of writing to silently incorporate different genres, themes, and symbolism to crea te a sub-story within the text itself. Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. At the young age of just 2 yearsRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1569 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† author Edgar Allan Poe employs several literary devices such as symbolism, allegory, and imagery. These devices enable us to see and better comprehend the story’s events through the eyes of the narrator. The narrator explains that he is extremely nervous but clarifies that he is not insane; he even goes so far as to share an event from his past to prove that he is not crazy. He believes that he loves the old man and has nothing against him except his horribleRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesyourself and others that you weren’t in the wrong for doing something bad? Well, the narrator in the story The Tell-Tale Heart does. Edgar Allan Poe is known to write stories that are of Dark Romanticism. Dark romanticism is a literary genre that showcases gothic stories that portray torture, insanity, murder, and revenge. The story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is no different. Edgar Allan Poe does a great job with making the readers wonder throughout this short story. This allegory makes reader’s questionsRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe986 Words   |  4 Pagesbade the gentlemen welcome. The shriek, I said, was my own in a dream.† The Tell Tale Heart is one of Edger Allan Poe’s most famous and creepiest stories. The premise of this gothic short story is that a man’s own insanity gives him away as a murderer. By usi ng the narrators own thoughts as the story Poe displays the mental instability and the unique way of creating a gothic fiction. While other stories written by Poe reflect this same gothic structure and questionable sanity, this story has aRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe author Edgar Allan Poe created a beautiful writing piece called â€Å"Tell Tale Heart†, which included literal elements such as mood, tone, and point of view. The story included a tremulous mood for the reader to be able to feel the excitement of the story. According to the text â€Å"Tell Tale Heart†, it states â€Å"And now at the dead hour of the night, amid the dreadful silence of that old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to uncontrollable terror.† This illustrates that the details of the storyRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1030 Words   |  5 PagesA Guilty- Mad Heart â€Å"Burduck then goes on to ponder how Poe used cultural anxieties and psychological panic to advantage.† (Grim Phantasms, G.A. Cevasco). In The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe, a nameless man narrates the story of how he murdered an elderly man because of his eyes. In his short story The Tell-Tale Heart, Poe shows the themes of guilt and the descent into madness through the narrator, in this gothic horror story. Edgar Allan Poe wrote many gothic tales throughout his lifeRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1133 Words   |  5 Pages Written in 1843, The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe incorporates nearly all of the gothic elements. While this piece of art may not contain all of the gothic elements, it is the epitome of a gothic short story. In The Tell-Tale Heart, the setting seems to be inside an old house, which strengthens the atmosphere of mystery and suspense. The madness and overall insanity of the narrator illustrates the sense of high, overwrought emotion. The presence of creaking hinges and the darkness representRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1644 Words   |  7 Pages Edgar Allan Poe was a prominent American writer whose writing reflected his tragic life. He began to sell short stories for profit after being forced to leave United States Military Academy for lack of financial support. Over the next decade, Poe published some of his best-known works, including The Fall of the House of Usher (1839), The Raven (1845), and The Cask of Amontillado (1846). It is in these stories that Po e established his unique dark writing style that often have the recurring themeRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe879 Words   |  4 PagesIn between guilt, paranoia and obsession The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe uses several literary elements to support the themes of the story. The story is based on a gruesome murder of an old man. The author uses madness, obsession and guilt as themes to prove how the narrator is truly twisted and insane. Madness is the first theme of the story; in the beginning the narrator tries to convince the audience he is not mad (insane). â€Å"TRUE!... nervous very, very nervous I had been and am; but whyRead MoreA Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1156 Words   |  5 Pagescontain some level of madness. For example in the short stories â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe, both of the main character in these stories believe that they are perfectly wise, but their out of control behaviors proves that they’re mentally ill or to be more specific insane. In the short story â€Å"A tell-tale heart† the unknown narrator is telling us a story about his neighbor who is an old man but his of a vulture: blue pale eye is what

The Case of Boeing and Airbus-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How do Organizations learn from a drastic failure? Distinguish between ad hoc and systematic reactions and discuss their effectiveness for dealing with two basic challenges. Answer: Introduction Murasaki Aircraft Corporation (MAC) is a new aircraft manufacturer that is looking to enter the medium size passenger jet market even though there is a stiff competition from the heavyweights like Boeing and Airbus. However, the owner of MAC is not interested in making the same mistakes both of these companies did and hence, needs to analyze the root causes of the mistakes so that the same are not repeated in the case of MAC. It has been found that the businesses of Boeing and Airbus were negatively affected by two separate management approaches that were initially supposed to be fruitful (Kotha Srikanth, 2013). While Boeing was affected by the lack of insight during technical implementation, Airbus was affected by poor management decisions and internal disputes inside the organization. In this essay, the cases of Boeing and Airbus have been analyzed in detail in order to find the root causes of the problems faced by them. Taking the analysis results as lessons, suitable recommendations have been made for MAC so that they do not repeat the same mistakes as Boeing and Airbus did. Analysis and Recommendations for MAC Airbus and Boeing are both popular aircraft manufacturers that are currently the mostly used aircrafts around the world. However, the aircrafts from the two companies are different in nature, structure, capacity and other factors. While Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft is specially constructed to reduce the overall weight of the aircraft in order to make it easier to fly whereas Airbus A380 is mainly build for high passenger capacity. According to their operational strategy, both the companies follow partnering policy i.e. they strike partnership with other companies (e.g. aircraft parts manufacturer, interior design, power supply, etc.) (Shenhar, Holzmann, Melamed Zhao, 2016). However, this partnering policy has turned out to be problematic and both of the companies are facing losses rather than profits from this partnering policy. The partnering policy was mainly implemented in order spread the manufacture defects and risks to different organizations so that they could be solved eas ily (Dutton, 2016). However, this policy was not of much use as the risks have still remained for both the companies as both of them have different approaches to address the problems. While Boeing 787 Dreamliner mainly emphasized on short term fixes, Airbus A380 emphasized on long term developments and implemented their changes slowly on a regular basis (Gokhale, Raghavan Tremblay, 2014). As a result, A380 has gained a lot of market in recent times whereas the business of Boeing 787 Dreamliner has fallen in spite of having efficient lightweight aircrafts. Boeing and Airbus have adopted two entirely different approaches for business developments that led to different positive and negative outcomes. Being is one of the oldest aircraft manufacturer that is still active today and until a few years ago, Boeing relied on their initial aircraft designs that were operational previously. For some time, it was very popular due to lack of many alternatives. Boeing provided large passenger capacity (ranging from 350 to 450), had high travel speed and light weight that made it easy for the pilots to fly though any air condition (Song, Li, Song Zhang, 2014). When Airbus came to the market, it became instantly popular due to several reasons. The Airbus A380 was the largest passenger aircraft the world had even seen (the aircraft could carry up to 840 compared to only 425 in 787 Dreamliner). Naturally, due to the high capacity, the aircraft had to be of a very large size as well as to include wider space in the interior than usual. Furthermore, the A380 was a few times heavier than the 787 Dreamliner and hence, needed efficient control during flight. A380 also came with the latest scientific and technical facilities that were miles ahead of 787 Dreamliner. Due to these factors, the Dreamliner faced steep competition from A380 and the business started to decline (Elahi, Sheikhzadeh Lamba, 2014). However, after a few years, the business of A380 also dipped by a significant margin owing to the fact that the flight tickets were extremely expensive and not all pilots could drive an airbus owing to its size and weight. Boeing and Airbus took certain initiatives to check the fall and rise again in the market. Boeing chose to address customer satisfaction issues immediately and started to implement changes in the interior designs and passenger facilities of the aircrafts. However, this approach had both positive and negative effects on the business of 787 Dreamliner. The main positive effect was that the passenger facilities were massively improved resulting in modern technical facilities that attracted more customers (Al-Najjar et al., 2017). The passenger comfort increased inside the aircraft and 787 started gaining more passengers. In addition, Boeing also decided to use different materials for building the body of the aircrafts and order to increase operational efficiency (Drfler Baumann, 2014). The negative outcome of this approach was that due to the change in the building materials, the running and operational costs also increased considerably and furthermore, many technical glitches started to appear due to the change in materials of the aircraft body. These technical faults were not solved as the company rather focused on providing a customer-friendly experience rather that efficient and safe flight of the aircrafts. On the other hand, the approach of Airbus was to implement a lot of overall changes in a short amount of time in order offer passenger comfort as well as implement latest technological improvements in the overall aircraft (Wright, 2015). These changes initially had a positive impact on the business of Airbus and the passenger count increased by a significant margin. The latest technological improvements improved the passenger facilities inside the aircraft and also aided the pilots to make safe and efficient flights over large distances. However, problems arose when sufficient maintenance was done on the aircrafts. Airbus failed to realize that significant technical improvements also require regular maintenance and monitoring in order to address implement ation faults and failures (Evans, 2015). On the other hand, Airbus implemented so many changes at such a short amount time, they did not have enough opportunity for implementation follow up or addressing the errors of the implementation. As a result, in addition to bearing huge expenses during the implementation phase, the company also started encountering expenses for delayed maintenance and repair (Kroese, 2014). Some of the common problems faced by Airbus A380 included lack of electric cabling connections between various modules of the aircraft to development of aircraft design that was immediately rejected by some of the regular customers of the company. Some in-depth analyses have been conducted in order to find the main causes behind the implementation failures of both Airbus and Boeing. For Boeing, the first main cause behind the failure was the decision to outsource, both nationally and internationally. It was expected that outsourcing will reduce their operational costs and will also help to accelerate their development (Francis, 2016). However, the result was opposite; Boeing lost a lot of money on the outsourcing and the development project they were conducting took an extra 3 years that further increased their expenses. In addition, Boeing 787 had many operational problems mainly due to the new aircraft bodies and the batteries used to power the plan. Removing the aluminium body of the aircraft, Boeing started using composite material made of aluminium, carbon fiber and titanium for 787 Dreamliner (Song et al., 2014). Although the composite material increased the overall weight of the aircraft, the maintenance of internal con ditions changed and the craft was more efficient in maintaining the internal conditions like humidity and temperature (Simons, 2014). Furthermore, Boeing switched to lithium ion batteries to power the craft that initially helped the craft to complete long distance journeys without any requirement of layoffs. However, within some time, it was found that the aircrafts overheated easily due to the lithium ion batteries as well as the composite material body. Although no major accidents have been reported, it still posed a significant risk for the passengers inside the flight (Kleinaltenkamp, Behrens Reh, 2014). In addition, it has also been found that the lack of coordination between organizations to whom, Boeing outsourced, was also a major reason for the failure of 787 Dreamliner. Whenever, any technical faults were reported, the outsourced companies started publicly blaming each other in order to avoid the responsibilities of such technical faults. On the other hand, the problems f aced by Airbus A380 were mainly rooted to the organizational structure and operations rather than technical (Efimov, Cieslak, Zolghadri Henry, 2013). However, there were also reported many technical failures that were mainly due to the ignorance of the builders end. As evident from the operational policy of Airbus, the company has a number of partners who supply various parts of the aircraft that are then assorted together to build the aircrafts in the manufacturing facility. However, at a certain point of time, it was found that Airbus A380 had a number of technical problems. One of the main problems that were highlighted was the fault in the electrical connection inside the aircraft as it was found that the electrical wirings of two different modules inside the craft were not connected. After some in-depth analysis, it was found that this problem arose because the wiring frame and the wiring harness were manufactured at different facilities (Shenhar et al., 2016). As a result, the wiring harness did not fit the wiring frame and hence, the wirings of two modules could not be connected together. When questions were raised, the two companies who manufactured the frame and the harness started public dispute. Some researchers also blamed the organi zational structure and the stakeholders inside the company behind the failure of A380. It was reported that the topmost members of the Airbus management board remained loyal to a particular group of clients who were always used for supply of materials and equipments even if much better alternatives were available in the market. The company was blamed for convoluted management structure that was said to affect the outcomes of decision making regarding the companys operations (Kotha Srikanth, 2013). Some other researchers also pointed to the internal disputes in the management board that resulted in delayed and poor decision makings in the operations. In both the cases, the management team is to be blamed for the failure of the Airbus A380. Based on the study of both the cases, it has been learned that both management and technical implementations are necessary for the success of an aircraft company. From Boeing 787 case, it has been learnt that the company should consider the maintenance factor and the aftereffects of any implementation instead of just emphasizing on immediate impacts for customer satisfaction (Jansen et al., 2015). From Airbus A380, it has been found that an aircraft manufacturer should have an efficient and dynamic management system that will always emphasizing on best quality of supplies rather than relying on some fixed clients whose standards are either poor or rapidly falling (Efimov et al., 2013). Hence, for MAC, it can be recommended that in order to enter into direct competition with two powerhouses, it must emphasize on both technical upgrades and selection of a suitable management team. There should be no cultural differences in the team as well as no internal disputes. Rather, the managemen t team should held meetings and collect together different ideas to select the best possible alternative. For the technical upgrades, the company should not choose the ones for immediate solution and rather settle for long term settlements. Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded that from the cases of both Airbus and Boeing, several lessons have been learnt regarding the consequences of poor management decisions and lack of proper technical implementations in aircraft industry. The business of Airbus has fallen prey to the poor management system and lack of proper decision making whereas Boeing has fallen prey to the lack of sufficient insight of the technical implications that might arise in the near future. MAC should keep in mind these factors and should be careful in the approaches to enter the aircraft industry. The owner should choose a management team that will not be affected by cultural diversity and the disputes will be solved mutually by conducting discussion meetings. For technical implementations and upgrades, the company should proceed with great care and perform risk analysis before implementation of a particular upgrade. References Al-Najjar, N., Al-Najjar, N., Aoyagi, I., Aoyagi, I., Goldstein, G., Goldstein, G., Korupp, T., Korupp, T., Liu, B., Liu, B. and Singh, S., 2017. Boeing and Airbus: Competitive Strategy in the Very-Large-Aircraft Market.Kellogg School of Management Cases, pp.1-16. Drfler, I., Baumann, O. 2014. Learning from a drastic failure: the case of the Airbus A380 program.Industry and Innovation,21(3), 197-214. Dutton, J., 2016. Have Boeing and Airbus overstepped the production line?.Airfinance Journal. Efimov, D., Cieslak, J., Zolghadri, A., Henry, D. 2013. Actuator fault detection in aircraft systems: Oscillatory failure case study.Annual Reviews in Control,37(1), 180-190. Elahi, E., Sheikhzadeh, M., Lamba, N. 2014. An integrated outsourcing framework: Analyzing Boeing's outsourcing program for Dreamliner (B787).Knowledge and Process Management,21(1), 13-28. Evans, R., 2015. MoM into momentum--the case for the middle market: will developing a new 180-250-seat airliner make economic sense for Boeing and Airbus?.Flight International. Francis, L., 2016. China's comac to challenge Boeing and Airbus.IEEE Spectrum,53(1), pp.49-50. Gokhale, J., Raghavan, S., Tremblay, V. J. 2014. The Effect on Stockholders Wealth on Critical Systems Failure and Remedy: The Boeing 787 Case.Journal of International Finance and Economics,14(2), 213. Jansen, R.H., Brown, G.V., Felder, J.L. and Duffy, K.P., 2015. Turboelectric aircraft drive key performance parameters and functional requirements. Kleinaltenkamp, M., Behrens, R. and Reh, S., 2014. Deal-Making Negotiations by Governments and Major Product Suppliers: A Case Study of the US Department of Defense and Airbus versus Boeing. InField Guide to Case Study Research in Business-to-business Marketing and Purchasing(pp. 1-11). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Kotha, S., Srikanth, K. 2013. Managing a global partnership model: lessons from the Boeing 787 Dreamlinerprogram.Global Strategy Journal,3(1), 41-66. Kroese, R. 2014. Weight reductions for the airbus A380; postbuckling of the A380 VTP skin panels.Leonardo Times, 18 (2) 2014. Shenhar, A. J., Holzmann, V., Melamed, B., Zhao, Y. 2016. The Challenge of Innovation in Highly Complex Projects: What Can We Learn from Boeing's Dreamliner Experience?Project Management Journal,47(2), 62-78. Simons, G. 2014.The Airbus A380: A History. UK: Pen and Sword. Song, T., Li, Y., Song, J., Zhang, Z. 2014. Airworthiness considerations of supply chain management from Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery issue.Procedia Engineering,80, 628-637. Wright, S. J. 2015. Avionics and airborne computing.

Lets Save Our Tropical Forest Essays - Habitats, Ecosystems, Forest

Do you know that tropical forests are in trouble now? Since the beginning of time, tropical forest have been a peaceful paradise of huge trees, leafy plants, animals, birds, insects more than you can imagine. But, tragically these forest are disappearing at an alarming rate, about 30 hectares a minute. In fact, 32 million hectares of tropical forests are destroyed each year in a small country like Malaysia. How about Indonesia which has larger number of tropical forests than Malaysia? We should all be concerned about it. This time I?d like to talk about the importance of tropical forests as the lungs of the earth and the impact of tropical forests? destruction for our life viability. My discussion will be in 3 main points: ?First, I?ll give you the importance of tropical forests. ?Secondly, I?ll give you the reasons why people cut down these forests. ?Lastly, I?ll give you the reasons why we must save tropical forests. Tropical forests are often called the lungs of the earth because they help keeping oxygen in the air that we need to live. While it?s true that the most of the world?s tropical forests are in South America, especially Brazil, tropical forests influence the weather everywhere on the earth. That?s because the trees absorb a heavy gas called carbon dioxide from the air around us. As a result, the weather cycle change regularly each year and people can predict what will happen with the weather. However, there are some dilemmatic problems with the tropical forests. People often cut down these forests for a lot of reasons. They cut it down to grow food and raise cattle. They also need the woods for the forest to build houses for their shelter. This condition becomes worse when big companies open the forest in order to find cheap sources of wood and beef. They also drill the land for oil and mine it for gold. These conditions make the forest lose its function because when the trees are burned, CO2 in the leaves is released back into the air and built up in the air. It traps heat close to the earth instead of letting the heat go out into space. So when there is too much CO2, the earth?s temperature rises. This is what we call global warming. It causes strange weather pattern. Although tropical forest offers some benefits to us, such as producing a lot of goods that we need in our life, but it can also threaten us if we don?t keep the balance. Now, tens of thousands of different kinds of animals disappear each year. About 200 million people live in tropical forests also. Their lives are threatened because of irresponsible men. Because of this, we need to be responsible to preserve our tropical forest. Due to these conditions, we propose that you pay attention to keep an eye on tropical forest?s destruction such as illegal logging and clearing. To solve these problems, we have looked at three different options: First, the government has to stop the illegal logging which is done by big companies. This option gives us benefits such as reducing the damage and preventing natural disaster. Besides, the government can also save the national properties. But, there are however, some practical problems in field. Some of the government staff sometimes commit in corruption. They cooperate with brokers who give them money. So the second option we considered is to make restricted area in all part of tropical forests by cover it with wire fence. This gives us benefits like people cannot enter these forests because it was protected by the law. There is problem here too. If the forests are covered, the people who live near tropical forests would be lost their job. So, now let?s look at the third option. To save the forest we don?t have to prevent people in cutting down the tree. What we need is just doing sustainable harvesting. It means replacing what we take from the forest, such as planting tree for every tree we cut down. Though it?s like trivial, but if all of us do this program, we will be out of danger.

Social Security Disability Benefits

Social Security Disability Benefits How Far Back Will Social Security Pay Benefits If I am Found Disabled? Millions of American’s wait months even years for a hearing in order to determine if they qualify for disability benefits. The average wait time is almost two years and in some cases longer than some will live.The wait process is a long and brutal one for those suffering from a disability and in need of help. Many wonder â€Å"How far back will social security pay benefits if I am found disabled?†Ã‚  When it comes to back pay for those found disabled Social Security Disability is a little different than SSI in this area. Social Security Disability will pay benefits back up to one year from the date of application provided that the Social Security finds that you were disabled that far back in time.SSI will only pay back benefits as of the date of application, but will only pay back full months.  For example, if an applicant applied for SSI payments on September 2nd the effective date for payments would be October 1st or the 1st of the month following the protective fil ing date. It is important to not let the amount of time it takes to be granted SSD benefits to discourage you. If you have detailed medical records and an experienced team of Social Security Disability lawyers by your side the process will be less intimidating.If you have been denied social security disability benefits, don’t give up. Call Disability Attorneys of Michigan at  800-949-2900  for a free and confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check. It is very difficult trying to get social security disability benefits on your own in Michigan. Don’t worry; just call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  for help.If we do not win your disability case, you owe us nothing. We only get paid if we win your disability benefits claim.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping those in Michigan get the disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work, contact Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a f ree consultation at  800-949-2900.Let Michigan’s Leading Social Security Disability Law Firm Help You Get The Benefits You Deserve.  Disability Attorneys of Michigan. Compassionate Excellence.

The Role of Women in ‘The Great Gatsby’

The Role of Women in ‘The Great Gatsby’ Key Question What is the role of women in The Great Gatsby? Below, we’ll review the role of women in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and introduce three of the novel’s main female characters: Daisy, Jordan, and Myrtle. Historical Context The Great Gatsby is filled with characters who appear to be larger-than-life, living the American Dream in the Jazz Age of the 1920s. The 1920s was also a period of increased freedom for women, as young women of this generation distanced themselves from more traditional values. However, in the novel, we don’t hear from the female characters themselves- instead, we primarily learn about the women from how they are described by the two main male characters, Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. Read on to learn about the main female characters in The Great Gatsby.   Daisy Buchanan The female character we usually think of in The Great Gatsby is Daisy. Daisy, Nick’s cousin, lives in affluent East Egg with her husband, Tom, and their young daughter. Daisy is mentioned by Nick here: Daisy was my second cousin once removed, and Id known Tom in college. And just after the war I spent two days with them in Chicago. Daisy appears almost removed, as an after-thought, of an importance only as the wife to Tom. Later, we learn that Daisy was previously in a romantic relationship with Jay Gatsby, and that many of Gatsby’s actions have been designed as a strategy to win over Daisy. In the novel, the male characters find Daisy’s voice to be one of her most remarkable and notable features. According to Nick: I looked back at my cousin, who began to ask me questions in her low, thrilling voice. It was the kind of voice that the ear follows up and down, as if each speech is an arrangement of notes that will never be played again. Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth, but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing compulsion, a whispered Listen, a promise that she had done gay, exciting things just a while since and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the next hour. As the novel progresses we learn that Daisy is the reason that Jay Gatsby has built up his opulent, lavish lifestyle. Shes the reason, the hope-for-a-future that makes him dare to dream, and even dare to reinvent himself (from the small-town farm boy to the successful Jay Gatsby). Jordan Baker Jordan Baker is a close friend of Daisy from childhood. We learn that Jordan is a relatively well-known golfer, as Nick recalls having seen her picture and having heard of her before meeting her: â€Å"I knew now why her face was familiar- its pleasing contemptuous expression had looked out at me from many rotogravure pictures of sporting life at Asheville and Hot Springs and Palm Beach. I had heard some story of her too, a critical, unpleasant story, but what it was I had forgotten long ago.† Jordan and Nick meet at a dinner at the Buchanans’ house. When the two meet, Daisy speaks of setting up a relationship between the two of them, and later they do indeed begin dating. Myrtle Wilson Myrtle Wilson is Tom Buchanan’s mistress, who Nick describes as vibrant and charismatic. When Nick first meets her, he describes her as follows: â€Å"Her face†¦ contained no facet or gleam of beauty but there was an immediately perceptible vitality about her as if the nerves of her body were continually smouldering.† Myrtle is married to George Wilson, who runs an auto shop in a working-class area outside of New York City. Narration in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is told from the perspective of Nick, whom many scholars have considered to be an unreliable narrator. In other words, Nick’s way of reporting on people and events in the novel may be biased, and an â€Å"objective† reporting of what really happened in the novel (or an objective description of the female characters in the novel) could potentially look different from how Nick has described the situation. Study Guide For more resources on The Great Gatsby, review our study guide below: The Great Gatsby OverviewReview: The Great GatsbyThemes in The Great GatsbyFamous Quotes from The Great GatsbyQuestions for Study and DiscussionKey Terms and Vocabulary

Week 10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Week 10 - Assignment Example Urinary tract infections are the most common illnesses among children. The condition causes distress to the child owing to the negative symptoms. If not treated, urinary tract infections can result to permanent kidney damage (Fisher et al., 2015). Normally, urinary tract infections develop when the pathogens present in the urine, and those which have colonized the periurethral region ascend into the bladder through the urethra. From the bladder, the pathogens can spread further up into the kidneys and sometimes into the bloodstream. Some of the factors that may facilitate entry of bacteria into the bladder include voiding dysfunction, catheterization, sexual intercourse and genital manipulation (Fisher et al., 2015). Poor hygiene can also predispose one to urinary tract infections. Based on the case study, the patient may be having the recurrent infections due to poor hygiene. She uses the same bedroom with her younger siblings, and hygiene may be questionable in such a situation. More information should be gathered on her sexual experiences to determine if she was molested or sexually abused. The fact that she has had three consequent infections in the past six months also raises the need to investigate the situation further. The recurrent infection may also point to mis-diagnosis by the health professionals who previously evaluated her. As a result, she will be required to present documentation on her past illness to enable the physicians determine the correct plan of action. Also, it has been shown that uropathogenic Escherichia coli is linked to recurrent and persistent urinary tract infections (Tapiainen et al., 2011). Lab tests: Urine samples will be required for lab testing to determine the pathogen causing the infection, and the appropriate choice of medication. Escherichia coli is a causative agent, accounting for a large majority of urinary tract infections in children (Albert et

Role and responsiblity of newly qualified nurse Essay - 1

Role and responsiblity of newly qualified nurse - Essay Example This period is a thrilling one for nurses as they start developing new roles, focused on prescribing and these new roles have undoubtedly benefited patients and significantly contributed to expanding nurses’ roles, hence promoting the nursing image as a prime profession (Sines, Saunders & Forbes-Burford 2009, P.294). This paper aims to discuss the nursing roles of Patient Group Directions and Supplementary Prescribing by newly qualified nurses. The structure of the paper covers a detailed analysis of what the roles entail, the definitions of these roles, reasons for selecting these particular roles for the study and an in- depth discussion of these roles supported by relevant literature. The paper covers the legal, ethical and professional issues related to these roles. The paper ends with a summary and conclusion of the discussed roles. Taking up these roles for newly qualified nurses may be challenging. The claim has been that less than 50% of nurses in practice would recomm end their career option and 25% on the other hand, would keenly discourage from the nursing profession. It is no surprise that 33% to 61% of newly recruited nurses plan to depart from nursing in their initial year as professional nurses or completely change employment (Basford, 2003). It is important to explore the adaptation process of newly qualified nurses to the professional job environment, so as to respond and understand issues causing motivated and energetic nurses to leave the profession altogether. It is evident that the transition journey for newly qualified nurses is often frustrating, disillusioning, stressful and discouraging (Basford, 2003).Existing knowledge indicates that new nurses experience moral distress, disillusionment and discouragement in the early stages of practicing professional nursing. Other than undergoing developmental and personal changes, it is expected they make clinical judgments and decisions that are advanced. However, confidence develops into co mpetence, and as the nurse prescribers multiply in number so will the attitude towards the new role become more encouraging (Sines, Saunders & Forbes-Burford 2009, p.293) Rationale for Role Choices The increasing roles of nurses from the traditional medicine administration to current prescribing roles have played a significant role in the provision of quality healthcare to patients. There has been growing acknowledgment that pressures experienced by the health care sector could be partly solved by nurses providing a wider variety of services including prescribing, to patients. The programs have resulted into considerable savings from efficiently using nurses’ and doctors’ time. The important extended roles for nurses have played a critical in improving health care provision and hence are important topics of study in the medical field. Supplementary Prescribing Supplementary prescribing refers to a partnership of voluntary prescription between an independent and supplem entary prescriber, for implementation of a plan on clinical management that is patient specific. The patient has to be in agreement and the role of independent prescriber played by a doctor. It is therefore about the relationship between a patient, nurse and doctor, each

Yuh Ji-Yeon Essay Example for Free

Yuh Ji-Yeon Essay Looking at America from a broader multicultural perspective is more realistic. Truly, America is a melting pot of a lot of different cultures. America does not belong only to the fair-skinned caucasians. Reality is that yellow, brown, red, and black Americans live on the same plains as the whites. Yuh Ji-Yeon puts it this way, â€Å"America is a multicultural nation, composed of many people with varying histories and varying traditions who have little in common except their humanity, a belief in democracy and a desire for freedom† (518). This is the honest truth. Looking at our country from this perspective, which is an honest one, helps us deal with our issues in a more realistic and honest way. We can therefore address these issues more easily and we can formulate better solutions all because we started on an honest premise. This is the benefit which we get from assimilating this point of perspection. Once we realize that America does not belong only to the whites but also to a multitudes of other cultures, we start to see things differently. We learn to live life in harmony with them and accept them as brothers. Yuh Ji-Yeon submits, â€Å"downplaying ethnicity will not bolster national unity† (519). When we were taught that America is predominantly white, in our subconscious we were developing the idea that what is not white is not American. This is where our racial prejudice starts. Viewing America as a multicultural country at the outset, nips our discriminatory tendencies at the bud. Once we get rid of our prejudices, life here in this country will be more peaceful. This is the second benefit. Once we learn to live in this country as one people regardless of ethnic origin, we will have peace and harmony as far as racial discrimination is concerned since we can learn to work hand in hand with each other. We will be foregoing our biases when we look at others. We will be seeing people not color. We will be judging them by their individual personalities and not by their skin color. This will level the playing field of opportunities for every citizen. And it is only then that we can say that America is a country which holds equality for all. And there is nothing better than a heart that is at peace. When it is easy to live with each other, we have peace of minds and hearts. And once we have done this, we could show the world that a peace and unity which transcends skin color and ethnic origin can exist in this world. That then, we could be its example. The first thing to do in order to understand the subcultures in this country better is to erase traces of prejudice in the mind. Simply, adopt the idea that America is not white. Accept that all citizens are Americans even if all are not white. If this is hard, just remember that the first people who settled in this country were not white. As succinctly stated by the essay, â€Å"recognize that America was shaped and continues to be shaped by people of diverse backgrounds† (518). Second, as Yuh Ji-Yeon did, read history by yourself. Read on those parts which are not being taught inside the classrooms. Read those written by black and brown Americans so that you will see history from all perspectives. From there you can see how history really happened. Just remember that historians, when they wrote history, had biases and these may be reflected in their works. So seek other perspectives of how history happened and decide for yourself which version you will adopt. As Yuh Ji-Yeon puts it, â€Å"there is more than one way of viewing the world† (518). And lastly, adopt what is suggested by the report â€Å"One Nation, Many Peoples: A Declaration of Cultural Interdependence†. The report â€Å"calls for students to be taught that history is an ongoing process of discovery and interpretation of the past † (518). In short, we must recognize that whatever we do today, we are making history. We should act with this thought in mind.

I Intend to Pursue Engineering :: College Admissions Essays

I Intend to Pursue Engineering The college admissions and selection process is a very important one, perhaps one that will have the greatest impact on one’s future. The college that a person will go to often influences his personality, views, and career. Therefore, when I hear people say that â€Å"it doesn’t matter that much which college you go to. You can get a good education anywhere, if you are self-motivated,† I tend to be rather skeptical. Perhaps, as far as actual knowledge is concerned, that statement is somewhat valid. Physics and mathematics are the same, regardless of where they are taught. Knowledge, however, is only a small piece of the puzzle that is college, and it is in the rest of that puzzle that colleges differ. At least as important, or even more important, than knowledge, is the attitude towards that knowledge. Last year, when my engineering team was competing in the NEDC Design Challenge, held at Hopkins, after the competition I and a few friends talked to a professor of civil engineering. What struck me is the passion with which he talked about his field of study. At Hopkins, everyone-the students, the faculty, the administration-displays a certain earnestness about learning. This makes Hopkins a good match for me, as I, too, am very enthusiastic about the subjects I study. I love learning, and when those around me do too, it creates a great atmosphere from which everyone benefits. My enthusiasm and activeness extend not just to academics, but to other aspects of life as well. I am very involved in extracurricular activities, participating in my school’s engineering club and math team, and I love sports, having played on the varsity soccer and tennis teams for three years. This makes Hopkins, with its great sport traditions and a multitude of clubs and organizations, a great choice. Further, while in college I intend to explore new activities. Because of my school’s small size and dual curriculum, there is a relatively narrow spectrum of activities available for me. Hopkins affords a great opportunity for me to branch out and participate in organizations to which I previously had no access. Another aspect of Hopkins that attracts me greatly is its student body, diverse and multicultural, but at the same time uniformly strong academically. Since I myself am a refugee from Russia, where I experienced social and cultural anti-Semitism, multiculturalism and acceptance of different groups are very important to me, not to mention that it allows me to meet people of different backgrounds and learn of their varying perspectives.

Poem “Frankie and Johnnie” Essay

The speaker of the poem â€Å"Frankie and Johnnie† is telling the story of two people that were in a relationship, where Johnnie was cheating on Frankie, and then Frankie kills Johnnie. The poem starts out telling the readert he backstory of Frankie and Johnnie. The speaker says that â€Å"Frankie and Johnnie were lovers†¦They swore to be true to each other/ As true as the sky above;† (ll.1,3-4)Then it goes on to say that Frankie bought Johnnie a lot of nice, expensive things and gave him a lot, if not all, of her money for presumably no particular reason. After that, Frankie goes away to Memphis for some reason and when she comes back, she learns that Johnnie has been cheating on her this whole time. â€Å"[Frankie] Gave her money to Johnnie, /he spent it on those parlour whores;† (ll. 23-24). Then Frankie goes down to a bar and asks the bartender if Johnnie had been there. The bartender says he had and he had been with a girl name Nellie Bly. â€Å"She said â€Å"Oh, Mr. Bar-tender, / has my loving Johnnie been here? / He is my man and he’s done me wrong.†/†¦But I saw Johnnie an hour ago/with a girl named Nellie Bly;† (ll.28-30, 33-34). Frankie then goes to the pawn shop and bought a gun. â€Å"Frankie went to the hock-shop, /Bought her a big forty-four† (ll.36-37). She finds Johnnie at a local brothel with Nellie Bly and goes upstairs and shoots him. â€Å"Frankie went down to the hook-shop,/ †¦there she saw her Johnnie / loving up Nellie Bly/†¦Roota-toot-toot, three times she shoot† (ll.41, 43-44, 63) Frankie then goes on to tell everyone to bring a hearse and she would bury Johnnie, and then to call the police and lock her up for murder. â€Å"Bring out your rubber-tyred hack, / I’ll take my man to the graveyard, / but I won’t bring him back; /†¦ Bring round a hundred policemen, / bring ‘em round to-day, / and lock me in that jail-house† (ll.77-79, 86-88). But before the police come she goes and tries to apologize to Mrs. Halcome but she won’t accept it. Then Frankie goes to look at Johnnie in his casket and wishes she could trade places. â€Å"Looked down at his face, / Said, â€Å"Oh, Lord, have mercy on me, /I’d like to take his place;† (ll.107-109). Finally, Frankie goes to jail and then gets hanged for killing Johnnie. â€Å"The Sheriff took Frankie to the gallows, / Hung her until she died, / they hung her for killing Johnnie,† (ll. 121-123) There are a few cases of figurative language in this poem. â€Å"Lovers† (l. 1), â€Å"swore† (l. 2), â€Å"true† (l. 2), â€Å"gave† (l.8) are all positive words that make you believe that they have a good, healthy relationship. But words like â€Å"wrong† (l. 5), â€Å"shot† (l.39), â€Å"hurts† (l. 74), â€Å"hack† (l. 77), â€Å"hearses† (l. 81), â€Å"graveyard† (l.83), and â€Å"coffin† (l. 106) are all negative words that lead you to the conclusion of Johnnie’s death. The theme of the poem is that there are always consequences for mistakes that you make. Both Johnnie’s and Frankie’s punishment was death for what they had done. Even though most consequences aren’t this harsh, the author exaggerates this so he could prove his point. This poem is tied to the real world because this poem is based on a true story of a woman named Frankie Baker, who was a prostitute, and how she killed Allen Britt, who was her pimp. Over the years, the story has had its discrepancies and a lot of the facts have changed, but the overall message is the same.

Female Acceptance into a Computer Based Society Essay

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advancement on technology had brought different changes into the society. These aims to provide additional comfort and making things work more efficiently. But there are changes that people cannot prevent to happen. These are biological changes such as getting old.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People respond to the aging process as a negative thing. Misconceptions arises that lead to common negative behavior towards the aging process. Getting old is a natural process. Anti-aging solutions are invented to prevent physical changes that it may cause like gray hair and wrinkles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It’s no secret that our bodies change as we age. Physical as well as psychological changes as effect of aging can be experienced.   Some changes are obvious, while others are more subtle. Others, may experience the effects of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, which can gradually diminish their abilities to participate fully in activities. While there are still people age comfortably and remain active, alert and vibrant throughout their lives. Their physiologic age may be quite younger than their chronological age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the negative connotation on the process of aging, women who are known to be more conscious than men generally find it an issue to accept aging as a natural process of life. OBJECTIVES This study aims to discuss the impact of aging to the female group given in a modern and more advance society. This will provide description on how female cope, adapt and react to the aging process. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research covers the issue of aging on female point of view. . It also provide an overview on what is aging and the physical and mental changes it bring to a person. This also identify some misconceptions about aging. SIGNIFICANCE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study is significant to discuss the impact of aging to women. It identifies the reasons on how the female gender response to the stage of aging. It discusses the common misconceptions regarding aging that can be properly addressed. This study is also significant for future researches related to the topic. RELATED LITERATURE Misconceptions on Aging There are a lot of misconceptions about getting old. It is a negative connotation that aging means getting near to the end of growth. And that old age is a lonely stage of life. It is also a misconception that when one is old, he/she believes that there are only limited to certain activities especially in the physical aspect. One fears getting old because of the fear of loosing independence. Another misconception is that people think that the happy days of their lives were experienced when they are young. According to a recent study shown, these several misconceptions vary from the reality regarding the issue of aging.   The research was conducted by VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System and University of Michigan researchers to 540 adults who were between the ages of 21 and 40, or over age 60 . They were asked to rate their level of happiness through answering questions. The results are published in the June issue of the Journal of Happiness Studies, a major research journal in the field of positive psychology. There is a stereotype existing between the old and young in the society. One thinks that the happy days of his/her life happens only when he/she is young.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In another research by Linda M. Woolf, Ph.D., the concept of ageism was examined between younger and older men and women in the present study. It was entitled â€Å"Effects of Age and Gender on Perceptions of Younger and Older Adults†. The study discusses the older adults are perceived more negatively than younger adults. Through gender interaction effect, a significant age by was found. Both younger and older men rated stimulus older adults significantly less positively than stimulus younger adults. However, older women rated stimulus older adults significantly more positively than they rated other stimulus-age groups. Older women were the only subject group that did not exhibit a consistent negative bias against older adults. Conversely, younger women rated stimulus older adults more negatively than any subject group. Biological   Effects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effects of aging are obvious on the body. Our body is made up of cells and tissues that keep on regenerating and replenishing to keep our body sustaining. As we grow old, this process decreases where replacement of old to new cells are slowing causing the signs of aging to appear.   Physical changes like poor hearing and declining vision takes place. The strength of muscles lessens due to soft tissues like skin and blood vessels that became less flexible are some general changes that occur in the human body as it ages. Skin starts to become dry and wrinkled. It looses its elasticity and the glands function less so sweating occurs lesser than the usual. Moreover, there is an overall decline in body tone that can be observed. The body’s performance becomes less efficient. Not all people experience decreased organ function to the same degree—some individuals are healthier due to good diet and exercise when they are younger. Aging also affects the immune system of a person. Human antibody lessens their act against free radicals. The immune system also changes with age. The antibodies, disease-fighting proteins, protect the body against bacteria, viruses, and other harmful agents in a healthy immune system. A healthy immune system also prevents the growth of abnormal cells, which can become cancerous. With advancing age, the ability of the immune system to carry out these protective functions is diminished—the rate of antibody production may drop by as much as 80 percent between age 20 and age 85. This less-effective immune system explains why a bout of influenza, which may make a young adult sick for a few days, can be fatal for an elderly person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For females, these changes on the body due to the advancement of age have a greater issue.   Aging causes changes on the physical aspect of a person and one of the major effects of aging occurs in the female reproductive system. With aging, a woman’s breasts lose tissue and subcutaneous fat, reducing breast size and fullness. There is also a decrease in the number of mammary ducts. The breasts lose support. Aging breasts commonly flatten and sag, and the nipple may turn in slightly. The areola (the area surrounding the nipple) becomes smaller and may nearly disappear. Loss of hair around the nipple is common. Breast cancer risk increases with age. Women should perform monthly breast self-examinations. However, because breast self-exams do not always pick up early stages of breast cancer, women should also talk to their health care providers about mammograms. It also affects the fertility cycle of a woman. Menopausal stage takes place on about age 45 to age 55 of a female where the ovaries does not longer produce egg cells. This means that she can no longer bear a child. This is also the end of the menstrual cycle since there is no longer the release of sexual hormones that motivates the cycle. Although the average onset of menopause occurs in the early part of the sixth decade there is an observable, real and significant decline in the 10 to 15 years before menstruation ceases. Scientific studies on natural populations (those with high marital rates and no birth control) and on â€Å"infertility populations† all confirm the presence of an age related decline in female fertility independent of all other factors. This effect becomes most prominent after age 35.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aging cause loss of female fertility. Although menstrual irregularities generally begin to show in the last half of the 5th decade (a time termed perimenopause) there is a marked decrease in fertility in the 10 years preceding this that appears to be independent of male or pelvic factors and despite the occurrence of regular menstrual cycles and ovulation. Similarly a decrease in success rates for IVF is seen in this population as well. The discussion then seems to focus on whether this decrease in fertility is due to ovarian factors, uterine factors or both. In other mammals there does appear to be a host of age related uterine changes that do limit fertility however, initial studies in humans failed to show consistent aging changes. Furthermore it now seems that the endometrium of an ovulatory older woman with appropriate levels of estradiol and progesterone should be able to be appropriately receptive to and supportive of implantation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The catch here is that as we age, even while still regularly menstruating, there are subtle shifts in hormonal patterns that may make the endometrium less receptive. As an example, luteal phase defect is far more common at the edges of reproductive life (very young, very old, newly delivered) but progesterone supplementation, which in theory should overcome the defect, does not appear to have made a significant difference in pregnancy rates for older women. More compelling support for the idea that the problem is primarily ovarian in nature comes from the fact that pregnancy rates for younger women and older women undergoing IVF with donor eggs are quite comparable. There are however, still some questions about uterine receptivity and study is ongoing in attempts to isolate out the effect of the â€Å"older uterus† from the effect of aging eggs of poor quality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bottom line for now seems to be that although everyone agrees that egg quality and ovarian reserve definitely decline with age and are perhaps the primary factors causing an age related decrease in female fertility, there may be uterine factors in play as well. Further study to elucidate the mechanisms at work and, hopefully, to devise new treatment options are indicated. A number of other studies investigates the effects of aging. Scientists have found, for example, a possible explanation for why women have longer average life spans than men. The difference seems to be biologically determined, and male and female sex hormones are probably responsible. The blood levels of female sex hormones drop sharply during menopause. At that time, the incidence of heart disease and high blood pressure in women increases to match the incidence in men, suggesting that the presence of female sex hormones offers some protection against heart disease. Aging Population   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In developed nations, life expectancy has increased more in the 20th century than it has in all of recorded history. A person born in the United States in 1995 can expect to live more than 35 years longer than a person born in 1900. Today more than 34 million Americans are 65 or older, accounting for about 13 percent of the population. By the year 2030, their numbers will more than double: One in every five Americans will be over age 65. A person who lives 100 years or more—a centenarian—was once a rarity, but today about 60,000 Americans are 100 years or older. By the year 2060, there may be as many as 2.5 million centenarians in the United States. The number of supercentenarians—people 105 years of age and older—will probably be as commonplace in the next century as centenarians are fast becoming now. How to Counteract with Aging   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing what to expect and taking steps to counterbalance the effects of aging can help you maintain a young spirit and an independent life. A healthy diet, regular exercise program and positive attitude can help delay the onset and slow the progression of many age-related changes. Many of the changes in our musculoskeletal system result more from disuse than from simple aging. Fewer than 10 percent of Americans participate in regular exercise, and the most sedentary group is over age 50.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stretching is an excellent way to help maintain joint flexibility. Weight training can increase muscle mass and strength, enabling people to continue their daily routine activities without maximal exertion. Even moderate amounts of physical activity can reduce your risk of developing high blood pressure, heart disease and some forms of cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much recent research has been conducted on the effects of exercise on aging. In all of the studies described above, exercise had positive effects on aging. It has been found to increase reaction time, assist in predicting â€Å"good† aging, and improve psychological well-being. Factors such as health, social support, efficacy, and motivation are indicators of the maintenance of exercise. One should acknowledge the factors influencing exercise, recognize the numerous benefits of exercise, and take action at any age in order to live a more healthy and happy life now and in old age. Long-term regular exercises may slow the loss of muscle mass and prevent age-associated increases in body fat. Exercise also helps maintain the body’s response time, as well as its ability to deliver and use oxygen efficiently. Just 30 minutes of moderate activity, incorporated into your daily routine, can provide health benefits. An exercise program doesn’t have to be strenuous to be effective. Walking, square dancing, swimming and bicycling are all recommended activities for maintaining fitness into old age. The 30 minutes of moderate activity can be broken up into shorter periods; you might spend 15 minutes working in the garden in the morning and 15 minutes walking in the afternoon. It all adds up. But if you’ve never attempted an exercise program before, be sure to see your doctor before starting one now. Psychological Aging   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Behavioral medicine research over the past several years has identified a umber of psychosocial characteristics that affect the development and course of a wide range of life-threatening illnesses. Included among these psychosocial risk factors are hostility, depression, social isolation, high job strain, and low socioeconomic status. The specific mechanisms whereby these factors influence the patho ­genesis and prognosis of major causes of death such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer have not been identified yet, but considerable research points to accompanying health behaviors (smoking, dietary habits, and alco ­hol consumption) and biological characteristics (altered functions of the sym ­pathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems [SNS, PNS], of the hypothal ­amic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis, and of the immune system) as likely mediators. Finally, research evaluating interventions targeting psychosocial risk factors in groups of patients with CHD and cancer offer considerable promise that secondary prevention will be shown to have an important place in the treatment and rehabilitation of major chronic diseases . Anti-aging can be a difficult topic to address. A war is currently being fought over the meaning of â€Å"anti-aging† (as research, medicine, brand, or simply adjective) and thus even mentioning the term is likely to prejudice many readers. Defining Anti-Aging   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like it or not, â€Å"anti-aging† now has a number of quite different common meanings and connotations. Each is championed by a particular group or loose coalition of interests, but advocates for these groups have a way of diving into the fray without defining their terms. This makes reading about anti-aging techniques, technologies, medicine, products, and debates very confusing for the newcomer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the scientific community, anti-aging research refers exclusively to slowing, preventing, or reversing the aging process. There is, as of 2007, no medical technology that allows this to be done – although the jury is still out on calorie restriction in humans. Nor is there any currently available method (short of waiting for people to die) to accurately measure the effects of an alleged anti-aging therapy. In the medical and more reputable business community, anti-aging medicine means early detection, prevention, and reversal of age-related diseases. This is quite different from tackling the aging process itself, and a wide array of strategies and therapies are currently available. Calorie restriction, for example, is a demonstrated way to lower risk for a wide range of age-related degenerative conditions. The wider business community – including a great many fraudulent and frivolous ventures – views â€Å"anti-aging† as a valuable brand and a demonstrated way to increase sales. At the worse end of the scale, this leads to snake oil salesmen, â€Å"anti-aging† creams that may or may not make your skin look younger, and infomercials that tout the â€Å"anti-aging† benefits of exercise machines. Broadly, and very charitably, we can look at these varied definitions of anti-aging as meaning â€Å"to look and feel younger in some way† – which has no bearing on how long you live or how healthy you actually are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The confusion of most interest is between the first two definitions. Many interventions lengthen life span for individuals by preventing or curing specific age-related diseases that would otherwise prove fatal. For example, ask yourself whether preventing heart disease or diabetes is anti-aging medicine. This would have no effect on the aging process, but it would help many people to live longer, healthier lives. Is this anti-aging research? Scientists say no, some medical and business groups say yes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aging is such a bad word in our society. We don’t want to see old people, much less sit next to them. Even old people don’t like to be around other old people.But maybe the reason that many seniors can’t embrace their golden years is that they have never had it modeled for them. People today just live longer. The fastest growing segment in today’s society is those 85 and older. It’s a whole new ballgame for seniors today. A lot are unsure what to do or what’s expected of them. In some ways, we’re pioneers showing younger folk what to do and what they can do when they are this age. Indeed, the work of a person growing old is that of becoming an elder, discovering spiritual treasures and passing them along to others. Despite physical limitations, there are many positives about aging, including more time to be spent in meditation and prayer, working on a closer connection to God and selves. That meditative work can encourage elders to review their lives, see how they made a difference as well as bringing up old wounds and pains. It’s here that seniors need to work on forgiving others, themselves and God as they let go of past hurts, grudges and pains. AGING ON FEMALE’S PERSPECTIVE Response to Physical Changes It is a much issue for women when they feel they get old considering females to be a more conscious gender when it comes to the physical aspect. After discussing the physical changes that it can bring, without proper caring, one’s body can be a total wreck. Another issue that aging brought is that it lessen one’s self esteem. Women are conscious of their age. Youth implies beauty. Something that one tries to preserve while she is still has the youthfulness. That is why anti aging creams, pills etc. are in demand to most women. For example, there is a preference of choosing a younger female.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As women age their concerns about health grow—and rightfully so given that women are at greater risks for some health conditions. For example, according to the Illinois Department on Aging, heart disease is the No. 1 leading cause of death among older women. Women are twice as likely as men to die within the first year of having a heart attack. The second leading cause of death for women is cancer—specifically lung and breast cancer—and the third leading cause of death is stroke. Women who have hypertension or diabetes are at greater risk for heart disease and strokes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like all women, lesbians are at risk for health problems associated with aging. Some evidence suggests that they may even be at greater risk for some age-related health problems. For example, because lesbians as a group are less likely to have been pregnant, more likely to drink alcohol and smoke—and more likely to be overweight—their risk of breast cancer may be greater than the risk among women in the general population. However, we need much more research before we can say much of anything for sure about lesbians’ risks for breast cancer or the other leading causes of death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women (CHLEW) study we are collecting information about these and many other health concerns of lesbians. We are happy to report that, in general, the 450 lesbians in our study are overall very healthy—in fact, when we first interviewed them in 2000-2001, 74% of them rated their health as good or excellent; only 7% said that their health was poor. Very few women in the study reported being diagnosed with breast cancer , heart disease, or diabetes. However, 17% said that they have high blood pressure (hypertension). One of the reasons for these low rates of problems is that the women are relatively young—the average age of the women in the study is 39 years (only about a quarter of them are over 45 years old). As they get older, lesbians, like other women, face higher risk for these serious health problems. Because we have not yet discovered the cure for aging it is important that we take care of ourselves in order to reduce these risks and improve our overall quality of life. Among the most important ways that we can take care of ourselves include getting regular exercise, not smoking, and using sodium (salt) and alcohol in moderation. Some misconceptions of women and the truth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The older I get, the worse my body will feel. The increasing stiffness and aches & pains that often come with age are not a result of age, but are due to lack of movement. Although there are some changes in the tissues in the process of aging, one can continue to remain remarkably flexible and free of pain through something as simple as regular stretching.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It’s too late to start taking care of myself †¦ it won’t do any good at this age. A healthy lifestyle has been found to be one of the most important factors in how people age. Improvements in lifestyle (with the 3 key areas being good food, exercise and regular relaxation and rest) will bring improvements at any age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I’m getting too old to learn new things Research shows that older people can, and do, learn new things. Attitude plays an important role. People who believe they can learn new things do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sex is only for the young. People can, and do, continue to enjoy sex well into their senior years. People are sexual beings throughout the life cycle, but sexuality is experienced differently at different ages. Changes in hormones affects the experience of sex, and one may need to find different ways to be intimate. Relaxation is key here so that we don’t panic when things don’t happen the way they used to. Aging does not imply that they are too old for sex but simply they need to give themselves some breathing room to become familiar with our changing physiologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The older I get, the less attractive I become. There is nothing more attractive than someone who has aged well. There is a special radiance in a elderly person who is at peace with themselves and life. Attractiveness has absolutely nothing to do with age. It’s never too late to change the two most important ingredients to graceful aging – attitude and lifestyle.   At the risk of sounding like a broken record to those of you who’ve read my previous articles – there are two very simple but essential lifestyle ingredients for successful aging -relaxation and stretching.       References: http://www.hope.edu/academic/psychology/335/webrep2/ageexercise.htm http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/lifestyle/2006-06/17/content_619419.htm http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/lifestyle/2006-06/17/content_619419.htm http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/ageismwoolf.html http://www.seniorwomen.com/articles/articlesElginOld.html http://www.riversidehealth.com/articles/aging.htm http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=224&topcategory=Wellness http://infertility.about.com/cs/femalefactors/a/femaleage.htm   

How to Make Soap essays

How to Make Soap essays Add lye to the pitcher. Using the same method that you used to weigh the lye, weigh the required amount of water in the empty pitcher. Carefully lift the pitcher with lye in it, and pour the lye into the pitcher containing the water. After you've added all the lye to the water, stir the solution gently with a wooden spoon until you're sure that all the lye has dissolved. Place one of your thermometers in the pitcher. The lye, which will have heated up considerably, is likely to register from 150* to 200*F (66* to 93*C). As you melt the fats and then cool them to 100*F (see steps 9 through 12), you must bring the temperature of the lye to 100*F (38*C), too. Watch the lye temperature closely so that you don't overheat the solution. As you continue to monitor and adjust the temperature of the lye solution, weigh out the required fats for your selected recipe. Once the fats have been measured and placed in the soap pot, set the pot over low to medium heat and stir the contents gently t o help them melt. Use your mixing spoon to mash any small floating pieces. Heat the mixture just to the point at which the fats have melted, then remove the pot from the stove. To cool off the fats quickly, place the soap pot in a cold-water bath in your sink, but make sure that the water isn't frigid, or the fats may begin to solidify again on the inner surfaces of the pot. Stir continuously to help reduce the temperature, and as it approaches 105*F (41*C), remove the pot from the cold-water bath. Continue to juggle the temperatures of the lye solution and the fats so that they both reach 100*F simultaneously. Continue to use the cold and warm baths.While stirring the fats gently and steadily, pour the lye solution into the soap pot in a thin, steady stream, stirring the mixture continuously as you do so. If you see substantial amounts of lye floating on top of the fats, stop adding more until you've stirred in the float ...

SAT Score Range 3 Steps to Understanding Your Score

SAT Score Range 3 Steps to Understanding Your Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Confused about the SAT score range? It's no secret that the SAT has undergone drastic changes since 2016, shifting from a 2400-point scale to a markedly narrower 1600-point scale. But what do these numbers mean for you? And how can you use SAT score ranges to determine the scores you need for college? First, we'll discuss the current SAT scores range for the exam as a whole and for each SAT section and subsection. After, we’ll take a close look at how SAT scores are distributed among test takers, explain why colleges maintain different SAT score ranges, and teach you how to set your own SAT goal score. What Is the SAT Score Range? Altogether, the SAT score range is 400-1600 for your composite SAT score (i.e., Evidence-Based Reading and Writing + Math). Three individual sections comprise this total score: Reading, Writing and Language (often called Writing), and Math. The Math score range is 200-800 in 10-point increments. The Reading and Writing sections, however, work a little differently. At first, these two sections are scored separately in one-point increments on a scale of 10-40. They are then converted (using an individualized equating process) into one Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800 (the same as the Math scale). Note that the composite SAT score range does not include the optional Essay. The Essay score has three dimensions to it: Reading, Analysis, and Writing. Two readers will each assign you three scores on a scale of 1-4. The two scores from these readers are then combined to give you a total SAT score range of 2-8 for each of the three dimensions. So a perfect Essay score would be 8|8|8. We're not finished yet! The SAT also contains subscores and cross-test scores, which are calculated separately on scales of 1-15 and 10-40, respectively. Subscores and cross-test scores indicate your level of mastery of specific skills, such as vocabulary knowledge and algebra. Here are the EBRW subscores: Expression of Ideas Standard English Conventions Words in Context Command of Evidence And here are the Math subscores: Heart of Algebra Problem Solving and Data Analysis Passport to Advanced Math Cross-test scores are a little different; they measure your performance on history/social studies and science questions on all SAT sections (excluding the Essay). The two SAT cross-test scores are as follows: Analysis in History/Social Studies Analysis in Science The SAT has four sections, and even its sections have sections! To help you visualize what we've touched on so far, here is a detailed chart showcasing each SAT scores range: SAT Score Range (2016-Present) SAT Section Score Range Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) 200-800 Reading 10-40 Writing and Language 10-40 Expression of Ideas 1-15 Standard English Conventions 1-15 Words in Context 1-15 Command of Evidence 1-15 Math 200-800 Heart of Algebra 1-15 Problem Solving and Data Analysis 1-15 Passport to Advanced Math 1-15 Cross-Test Scores* - Analysis in History/Social Studies 10-40 Analysis in Science 10-40 TOTAL (EBRW + Math) 400-1600 Essay 2-8 | 2-8 | 2-8 Reading 2-8 Analysis 2-8 Writing 2-8 *Cross-test scores are for the Reading, Writing, and Math sections All of these score ranges are for the current redesigned SAT (2016-present). But what about the pre-2016 SAT? Contrary to what we have now, the old SAT score scale was 600-2400 (as opposed to 400-1600) and there were no subscores or cross-test scores as there are today. Additionally, test takers got separate Critical Reading and Writing scores, the latter of which was a combination of your Writing and Essay scores. (Nowadays, the SAT Essay is optional and does not count toward your composite SAT score.) Here is an overview of the old SAT scores scale: Old SAT Score Range (Pre-2016) SAT Section Score Range Critical Reading 200-800 Math 200-800 Writing Composite 200-800 Writing Multiple Choice 20-80 Essay 0-12 TOTAL (All Sections) 600-2400 SAT Score Distribution The College Board redesigned the SAT in 2016 so that a total score of approximately 1000- the middle score between 400 (the minimum) and 1600 (the maximum), or the highest point on the SAT bell curve- would signify the average score of test takers. This score is in contrast to the pre-2016 SAT average of around 1500, which was the middle point between 600 and 2400 (the old SAT minimum and maximum). The current SAT bell curve means that most SAT takers score around 1000, and very few score extremely high (1500 and higher) or extremely low (700 and below). According to data collected by the College Board, the average SAT score is 1068- pretty close to 1000. Below is a chart showcasing the current SAT percentiles for EBRW, Math, and the exam as a whole. As a reminder, percentiles indicate what percentage of test takers you scored higher than on a given section. Thus, the higher your percentile, the more impressive your score is. Percentile EBRW Math TOTAL 99 and 99+ 750-800 790-800 1500-1600 90 670 680-690 1340 75 610 600 1200-1210 50 530* 520* 1050-1060 25 460 450 910-920 10 400-410 380-390 800 1 and 1- 200-330 200-320 400-680 *Estimated score based on current percentiles We can use SAT percentiles to help us understand how many (or, rather, how few) test takers scored at the extreme ends of the exam. According to this data, a 99th percentile or higher SAT score is anywhere from 1500 to a perfect 1600. This means that only 1% of test takers scored 1500 or higher on the SAT. So you don't need to get a perfect score in order to reach the 99th percentile- you can miss as many as 100 points and still achieve that top 1% distinction on your SAT score report! Likewise, very few test takers scored on the lower end of the SAT score range. Only 1% of test takers scored between 400 (the absolute minimum) and 680; that's a huge 280-point span! What this ultimately means is that you’re very likely to earn at least 280 points on the SAT since 99% of test takers score above 680. In regard to SAT section scores, once again few test takers scored the highest and lowest possible scores. To hit the 99th percentile on EBRW, you’d have to score 750 or higher. But to do the same on Math, you’d need to earn a 790. This trend indicates that the Math section is generally more competitive than the EBRW section, as more people score higher on Math than on EBRW. As for the 1st percentile, EBRW and Math maintain respective score ranges of 200-330 and 200-320. This means only 1% of test takers scored 320 or below on either section and the vast majority scored higher than 330. But how can you figure out what kinds of SAT scores you'll need for your colleges specifically? Read on to find out! To get to this point, you must first get IN. What Are SAT Score Ranges for Colleges? There are no general SAT scores range for colleges; instead, every school maintains its own SAT scores range as a means to compare applicants' SAT scores. This range represents the middle 50% of SAT scores (usually of incoming students). What do I mean by "middle 50%"? Think of it as being similar to average SAT scores- only instead of a single average, you're given a range of scores consisting of the 25th and 75th percentiles for a particular group of students. A 25th percentile score means that 25% of incoming students scored at or lower than a particular threshold on the SAT, whereas a 75th percentile score indicates that 75% of students scored at or lower than a different (and higher) threshold. For example, here are the current 25th and 75th percentile SAT scores for Yale: Exactly how is this info helpful to you? SAT score ranges tell you how high you must score on the SAT in order to be on par with (and better than) other applicants. In general, a score in the 75th percentile or higher is a safe bet, as this means that your SAT scores will exceed those of most other applicants. You can find SAT score ranges for most schools using our database. Simply search for "[School Name] PrepScholar" or "[School Name] PrepScholar SAT." Here's an example of the page I got when I searched "university of delaware prepscholar sat": Click on either link to get to the PrepScholar page for your school. SAT score ranges will typically appear in a box as so: You can also check out our comprehensive guide to SAT scores for colleges, which contains a list of 100+ schools and their SAT score ranges. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How to Set an SAT Goal Score: 3-Step Guide In the simplest of terms, you’ll want to get the best SAT score you can get on test day. To do this, you must determine your SAT goal score. A goal score is the score that's most likely to get you into all the schools you're applying to. Follow our three simple steps below to set your own SAT goal score. Step 1: Make a Chart Before jumping headfirst into your SAT score research, make a simple chart of all of the schools you're applying to (excluding any safety schools). You may download our worksheet or create a chart like the one below. Draw two columns for the 25th and 75th percentiles for each of your schools. Here is a sample: School 25th Percentile 75th Percentile University of Washington University of Oregon UCLA UC Santa Barbara Step 2: Look Up SAT Score Info Next, begin looking up SAT score info for each of the schools on your table. Specifically, you’ll want to look up the middle 50% (i.e., the 25th and 75th percentiles) for each of your schools. To find these ranges, search for "[School Name] PrepScholar" or "[School Name] PrepScholar SAT" on Google. Most schools should be in our database, but if you can't find yours, you may instead search for "[School Name] average SAT scores" or "[School Name] 25th 75th percentile SAT" and look for relevant links to the school's official website. Here is an example of the PrepScholar page for the University of Washington: Now, here is our chart again, with all the schools' 25th and 75th percentiles filled out: School 25th Percentile 75th Percentile University of Washington 1190 1420 University of Oregon 1080 1270 UCLA 1240 1490 UC Santa Barbara 1270 1500 If at any point you get tired, just take an ice cream break. Step 3: Calculate Your SAT Goal Score The last step is to find your goal score. The highest score in your chart (in your 75th percentile column) will be your target SAT score. This score is the most likely to get you into all the schools in your chart. In our example above, this score would be 1500 for UC Santa Barbara. But what about your goal scores for each section? To get your individual EBRW and Math goal scores, divide your total goal score by 2. So a goal score of 1420 means that you'd have to aim for around 710 on both sections (assuming you're trying to get about the same score on each). If you’re applying to engineering programs or other field-specific schools, you'll want to aim for a slightly higher score on the SAT section more relevant to your particular major. For example, aspiring engineers applying to MIT should focus more on trying to achieve an extremely high Math score instead of a super high EBRW score. Takeaways: What to Know About the SAT Score Range The total SAT score range for the SAT is 400-1600 in 10-point increments. This score comprises two sections: EBRW and Math, whose score ranges are each 200-800. EBRW can be further divided into Reading and Writing, which each use a scale of 10-40. The optional Essay consists of three separate scores on scales of 2-8. There are also subscores and cross-test scores, which use smaller scales of 1-15 and 10-40, respectively. The old SAT differed greatly in its score scale. Before 2016, the SAT score range was 600-2400 in 10-point increments, and the exam had three sections (Critical Reading, Math, and Writing), each of which used a scale of 200-800. On the current SAT score range, a score of around 1000 (the midway point of the score range) is the average SAT score. (The actual average is 1068 for all 11th and 12th graders.) In terms of score ranges for colleges, each school has its own SAT score range, or middle 50%, to show the average range of SAT scores for incoming students. The lower SAT score in this range is the 25th percentile, while the higher score is the 75th percentile. Finally, follow these steps to find your SAT goal score: #1: Make a chart with your schools' names and their 25th and 75th SAT percentiles. #2: Look up SAT score info for your schools. You can use our own SAT database or official school websites. Record the 25th and 75th percentile for each school in your chart. #3: Find the highest 75th percentile score in your chart- this will be your target score. Aiming for this SAT score will increase your chance of gaining admission to all the schools in your chart. Now, get out there and ace the SAT. Remember- you got this! What’s Next? Want more info on SAT scores? Check out our in-depth guides to learn how the SAT is scored and what constitutes a great, a good, and a poor SAT score. Gearing up for college applications? In our article on the SAT scores you'll need for college, we've gathered the average SAT scores for dozens of popular schools, both private and public. Aiming for a perfect SAT score? It's not impossible, I promise! For step-by-step tips, take a look at our comprehensive guide to getting a full 1600- written entirely by a perfect scorer. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: